3l8  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    96 
that  the  Old  Bering  Sea  and  Punuk  harpoon  heads  will  prove  to  have 
about  the  same  distribution  on  the  Siberian  side  of  Bering  Strait  as 
they  have  on  the  Alaskan  side. 
Some  of  the  simpler  harpoon  heads  of  the  modern  Chukchee  are 
very  similar  to  some  modern  Eskimo  forms,  as  might  be  expected. 
Those  of  the  Koryak  and  Gilyak  appear  to  be  somewhat  more  special- 
ized, and  their  affiliations  uncertain  (Jochelson,  1905-08,  vol.  i,  figs. 
87,  92;  Schrenck,  1881,  pi.  42,  figs.  3,  4).  It  might  be  mentioned 
that  the  Koryak  use  the  same  method  of  line  attachment  as  do  the 
Eskimos  of  the  Kuskokwim  region,  the  head  being  fastened  to  a  short 
loop  of  seal  or  walrus  hide  to  which  the  foreshaft  is  also  attached 
(cf.  Jochelson,  fig.  87,  and  Mason,  1902,  fig.  84). 
Jochelson  does  not  mention  finding  toggle  harpoon  heads  at  the 
Kamchatkan  sites  he  excavated,  but  this  is  no  doubt  accidental,  as 
they  occur  in  kitchen  middens  on  the  Kurile  Islands  and  in  Japan. 
The  old  Kurilian  heads  are  simple  bladeless  forms,  some  having  no 
line  hole  at  all,  others  one  or  two  holes  (Torii,  1919,  pi.  30,  figs.  8-11  ; 
Baba,  1934,  fig.  13,  6).  They  have  a  bifurcated  basal  spur  recalling 
the  Dorset  type,  but  the  sockets  are  invariably  open;  this  bifurcated 
spur  is  a  feature  which  has  been  retained  on  the  harpoon  heads  of 
the  modern  Ainu  (Hitchcock,  1891  b,  p.  470,  fig.  85;  Batchelor,  p. 
154).  One  of  the  harpoon  heads  illustrated  by  Torii  (pi.  30,  fig.  10) 
has  the  general  shape  of  the  Thule  type  2  head,  but  with  two  line 
holes,  one  above  the  other. 
Except  for  the  double  line  holes,  the  old  Kurilian  harpoon  heads 
have  little  in  common  with  those  of  the  Old  Bering  Sea  culture.  In 
the  kitchen  middens  of  Japan,  however,  harpoon  heads  have  been 
found  which  have  trifurcated  symmetrical  spurs,  which  otherwise 
are  known  only  from  Alaska.  One  of  these,  from  the  province  of 
Rikuzen,  Island  of  Hondo,  described  by  S.  Yagi  (1899,  pi.  8)  has 
a  round  closed  socket,  a  prominent  trifurcated  spur  which  is  lateral 
and  symmetrical,  a  single  line  hole  in  the  plane  of  the  spur,  a  wide 
slit  for  an  end  blade  also  in  the  plane  of  the  line  hole  and  spur,  and 
below  the  blade  slit  two  pairs  of  small  opposite  barbs.  An  almost 
identical  specimen,  with  one  of  the  three  basal  spurs  broken  off,  is 
figured  by  Kishinouye  (1911,  pi.  22,  fig.  59).  Although  the  combina- 
tion of  features  shown  on  these  Japanese  heads  has  not  been  found 
on  any  from  the  Eskimo  region,  the  general  appearance  is  strikingly 
suggestive  of  some  of  these.  Another  Japanese  example  from  a  shell 
mound  in  Hokkaido  (Yezo)  presents  an  even  closer  parallel  to  some 
of  the  Old  Bering  Sea  heads ;  it  has  a  double  line  hole,  one  above 
the  other,  an  open  rectangular   socket    (spur  broken),  a  blade  slit 
