NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGY    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE    ISLAND COLLINS  339 
parently  to  the  northward  an  Eskimo  culture  highly  specialized  in 
many  respects,  hut  having  no  knowledge  of  this  particular  feature. 
This  deduction,  as  regards  St.  Lawrence  Island,  is  based  on  the  fact 
that  at  none  of  the  four  old  Gambell  sites  was  there  found  any  object 
that  could  be  recognized  as  having  been  used  in  connection  with  a 
dog  sledge  or  harness — no  flat  bone  sledge  shoes,  trace  buckles,  swivels, 
or  whip  ferrules.  Objects  of  this  nature  were  found  only  at  the  latest 
site,  the  old  section  of  Gambell,  in  association  with  metal  and  the  latest 
types  of  implements.  It  might  be  argued  that  the  Old  Bering  Sea  and 
Punuk  Eskimos  had  used  some  other  method  of  harnessing  the  dogs; 
but  even  so  it  would  have  been  necessary  to  use  toggles  or  buckles  of 
some  kind,  and  a  few  of  these  would  surely  have  been  included  among 
the  thousands  of  specimens  found  at  the  four  old  sites.  Since  nothing 
of  the  kind  was  found  we  can* only  conclude  that  dogs  were  not  used 
as  draught  animals  and  that  the  baleen  toboggans  and  small  flat  sledges 
of  the  Old  Bering  Sea  and  Punuk  Eskimos  were  pulled  by  hand,  just 
as  at  the  present  time.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  even  after  the  introduction 
of  dog  traction  on  St.  Lawrence  Island,  the  small  hand  sledge  for 
hauling  umiaks  and  loads  of  meat  over  the  ice  has  continued  to  hold 
as  important  a  place  as  the  dog  sledge  used  for  winter  travel.  This 
is  because  the  umiak  has  always  been  the  principal  means  of  trans- 
]iortation,  and  the  summer  the  time  for  making  long  journeys.  ]t 
would  appear,  therefore,  that  the  sledges  of  the  Western  Eskimo  have 
from  the  earliest  times  been  connected  with  hunting  on  the  sea  ice, 
whereas  those  of  the  Central  and  I'^astern  Eskimos  have  been  used 
more  for  traveling.  It  is,  of  course,  natural  enough  that  the  Central 
Eskimo  should  have  possessed  a  sledge  suitable  for  long  winter 
journeys,  for  without  it  they  could  hardly  have  spread  as  they  have 
over  the  interior  regions. 
Along  with  the  baleen  toboggan,  the  earliest  sledge  used  on  St. 
I^wrence  Island  seems  to  have  been  a  very  sim]:)le  type  consisting  of 
nothing  more  than  two  walrus  tusks  as  runners  and  only  two  slats, 
one  at  either  end  (pi.  44,  figs.  3-5).  This  type  was  found  only  at  the 
Hillside  site.  A  larger  sledge  of  this  same  primitive  form  was  made 
of  two  whale  ribs.  At  the  Hillside  site  and  also  at  Miyowagh  were 
found  ivory  runners  of  a  somewhat  different  type,  5  to  6  cm  high  and 
about  1.2  cm  thick  (pi.  44,  figs,  i,  2;  pi.  45,  fig.  3).  These  were  for 
small  sledges  of  the  same  general  t\'pe  as  those  used  by  the  modern 
St.  Lawrence  and  Siberian  Eskimos  (Nelson,  189Q,  pi.  76,  fig.  i; 
Bogoras,  1904-09.  fig.  22  a).  This  sledge  had  a  greater  number  of 
slats,  as  shown  by  the  notches  on  the  runner,  and  a  single  large  hole 
beneath  each  notch  for  the  lashing  that  held  the  slat  in  place.    Either 
