382  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    96 
It  seems  to  me  that  the  "  inland  culture "  concept  has  gained  in  substance 
and  reliability  through  Hallowell's  investigations.  Hallowell  has  shown  that  a 
distinct  set  of  religious  ideas  and  hunting  rites,  "  bear  ceremonialism,"  has  a 
circumpolar  distribution  very  nearly  corresponding  to  what  I  have  called 
"  inland  culture  ".  Hallowell  adds  also  to  the  "  inland  culture  "  the  following 
traits :  the  tambourine  as  an  essential  item  of  a  shaman's  equipment,  scapuli- 
mantia,  the  "  soul  kidnapping  theory  "  of  disease,  game  drives,  the  earth  diver 
motif  in  folklore,  hunting  territories,  bloody  animal  sacrifice's.  [Hatt,  1933, 
pp.  275Q,  2760.] 
It  would  now  seem  that  to  the  inland  culture  we  might  also  attribute 
blunt  bird  arrows  and  wrist  guards,  and  possibly  also  the  sinew-backed 
bow,  the  bird  bola,  and  the  crooked  knife.  All  of  these  elements  make 
their  appearance  in  the  Punuk  stage  and  their  distribution  outside  of 
the  Eskimo  area  is  suggestive  of  an  "  inland  "  status.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  St.  Lawrence  investigations  have  revealed  the  antiquity  of 
the  Western  form  of  Eskimo  culture  which  Hatt  had  already  recog^ 
nized  as  being  more  or  less  typical  of  the  coast  culture.  We  would  seem 
justified  in  assigning  to  the  coast  culture  the  following  widespread  Old 
Bering  Sea  elements :  the  square  earth-covered  wooden  house  with 
entrance  passage,  the  umiak  and  kayak,  toggle  harpoon  heads,  the 
lamp,  earthenware  pottery,  the  simple  runner  sledge,  toboggan,  throw- 
ing board  and  bird  dart,  needle  case,  chipped  stone  and  probably  rubbed 
slate  implements."  As  Hatt  has  observed,  the  coast  culture  is  some- 
thing of  a  medley  and  is  much  less  clearly  defined  than  the  inland 
culture.  This  is  a  condition  that  might  be  expected,  not  only  because 
of  the  greater  age  of  the  coast  culture  and  its  more  stationary  char- 
acter, but  also  because  it  will  probably  be  found  eventually  to  consist 
in  part  at  least  of  local  elements.  Lacking  a  means  of  travel  and  ready 
communication  such  as  the  inland  peoples  possessed  in  snowshoes 
and  later  in  reindeer  sledges,  the  older  coastal  groups  would  have 
remained  more  or  less  isolated  and  hence  there  would  have  been  op- 
portunity for  the  development  of  local  traits.  Just  as  the  somewhat 
circumscribed  Old  Bering  Sea  culture,  with  its  rather  numerous  local 
elements,  is  of  considerably  greater  antiquity  than  the  much  more  wide- 
spread Thule  culture,  it  will  doubtless  be  found  that  other  relatively 
local  cultures — but  probably  of  a  generalized  Eskimo  character — 
formerly  existed  along  the  northern  coasts  of  Eurasia  before  these 
regions  were  subjected  to  the  leveling  influences  of  the  more  mobile 
inland  groups.    Evidence  of  such  an  old  coast  culture  in  extreme 
"  In  view  of  the  finding  of  a  two-handed  skin  scraper  at  Miyowagh  and  several 
similar  small  scrapers  at  the  Hillside  site  (p.  166),  it  would  seem  that  this  ele- 
ment should  also  be  attributed  to  the  coast  culture. 
