NO.    4      INDIAN    SITES    ON    THE    RAPPAHANNOCK — BUSHNELL  35 
have  the  same  number  of  facets  on  the  perimeter.  On  all,  the  plane 
surface  from  which  the  perforation  was  begun  is  rough,  suggesting 
the  use  of  a  saw  in  preparing  the  mass,  and  the  opposite  end  of  the 
perforation  emerges  in  a  distinct  concavity  which  was  made  when 
the  drill  broke  through  the  thin  wall  of  crystal. 
The  two  distinct  types  of  beads  found  in  the  Virginia  cache — the 
blue  glass  with  fine  white  lines  and  the  cut  rock  crystal — should,  with 
a  degree  of  certainty,  be  attributed  to  a  Spanish  source,  and  this 
suggests  that  all  beads  in  the  Leedstown  cache  were  of  Spanish  origin. 
During  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  Spain  produced 
glass  equal  to  that  made  in  other  parts  of  Europe  ;  consequently,  it  is 
inconceivable  that  beads  required  for  trade  in  foreign  lands  would 
have  been  brought  from  other  countries.  Barcelona  was  the  center 
of  the  glass  industry,  which  would  undoubtedly  have  included  the 
manufacture  of  beads.  Thus  it  had  been  for  centuries,  and  in  the 
words  of  Sefior  Juan  F.  Riano,  in  a  catalogue  of  Spanish  objects  in 
the  South  Kensington  Museum :  ^ 
Jeronimo  Paulo,  who  wrote  in  1491  a  description  in  Latin  of  the  most  remark- 
able things  at  Barcelona,  says  they  also  send  to  Rome  and  other  places  many 
glass  vessels  of  different  sorts  and  kinds,  which  may  well  compete  with  those 
of  Venice.  Marineus  Siculus,  who  writes  at  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, says  that  the  best  glass  made  in  Spain  is  that  of  Barcelona ;  and  Caspar 
Baneiros  in  his  chronographia,  published  at  Coimbra  in  1562,  mentions  that 
excellent  glass  was  made  at  Barcelona,  almost  equal  to  the  Venetian. 
These  were  the  years  during  which  Spanish  vessels  so  frequently 
touched  the  coast  of  Florida  and  had  intercourse  with  the  native 
tribes.  Although  it  has  not  been  possible  to  trace  definitely  the  source 
of  the  crystal  beads,  it  is  believed  they  were  cut  in  Spain  and  brought 
to  America  during  the  latter  half  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  beads,  crystal  as  well  as  glass,  found  in  the  cache  on  the  bank 
of  the  Rappahannock,  may  have  been  carried  to  Virginia  in  a  ship 
under  the  English  flag,  but  when,  where,  and  how  they  had  been 
obtained  by  the  English  would  form  an  interesting  bit  of  history. 
Kerahocak 
A  village  bearing  the  name  of  Kerahocak  is  shown  on  the  1624  map 
several  miles  above  Pissaseck.  It  stood  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rap- 
pahannock opposite  Port  Tobago  and  Green  Bays,  probably  about 
the  position  of  Greenlaws  Wharf,  which  is  visible  in  the  aerial  photo- 
graph, plate  10,  and  is  also  indicated  on  figure  5.   Here  as  elsewhere, 
Quoted  by  Nesbitt,  op.  cit.,  pp.  101-102. 
