NO.    4      INDIAN    SITES    ON    THE    RAPPAHANNOCK BUSH  NELL  53 
the  exact' position  of  either.  Traces  of  a  village  have  been  discovered 
on  the  narrow  tongue  of  land  which  extends  upward  from  the  junction 
of  the  two  streams  and  which  is  bordered  by  the  left  bank  of  the  river 
and  the  right  bank  of  the  creek.  This  is  visible  in  the  aerial  photo- 
graph, plate  14,  figure  i.  Several  large  springs  issue  from  the  river 
bank,  which  rises  in  places  more  than  20  feet  above  the  gravelly 
beach.  The  site  commands  a  beautiful  view  of  the  winding  valley, 
and  as  evidences  of  occupancy  are  encountered  for  a  distance  of  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  it  may  have  been  occupied  and  reoccupied 
for  many  years.  It  is  known  that  a  vast  number  of  small  chipped 
objects,  also  many  larger  specimens  and  quantities  of  fragmentary 
pottery,  have  been  recovered  from  the  site  of  the  ancient  village. 
Much  may  even  now  be  found  on  the  surface,  but  as  the  area  has 
been  cultivated  for  many  years,  the  pottery  has  been  reduced  to  bits, 
and  few  entire  arrowpoints  or  objects  of  any  sort  are  to  be  discovered. 
Small  tubular  clay  pipes  have  been  found  within  a  rather  restricted 
area — just  above  the  small  arrow  shown  on  the  aerial  photograph. 
One  perfect  and  two  fragmentary  examples  are  illustrated  in  plate  14. 
All  are  made  of  clay  without  tempering,  are  of  a  light  brownish  color 
and  very  hard.  The  perforation,  made  when  the  clay  was  in  a  soft 
condition,  had  been  produced  by  the  insertion  of  a  comparatively 
rigid,  firm  substance,  probably  a  slender  twig  or  stem  of  some  plant. 
The  discovery  of  pipes  in  considerable  numbers  at  once  recalls 
the  statement  made  by  Durand  that  when  leaving  the  Indian  village 
of  Portobago,  to  return  to  the  Wormeley  house  on  the  north  side  of 
the  river,  he  and  another  member  of  the  party  had  received  as  a  gift 
"  a  handful  of  pipes  each."  He  had  previously  told  that  the  women 
of  the  village  were  then  making  "  pots  and  vases  from  earth  and  pipes 
to  smoke."  This  was  during  the  autumn  of  1686,  and  it  is  within 
reason  to  believe  that  the  pipes  to  which  he  then  referred  were  similar 
to  those  now  being  considered.  Consequently,  this  primitive  form  of 
pipe  was  made  and  used  in  the  Rappahannock  villages  just  two  and 
one-half  centuries  ago.  The  bowls  are  so  small  that  it  is  difficult  to 
understand  how  the  pipes  could  have  been  used  unless  the  leaves  of 
the  plants  were  rolled  and  inserted  in  the  opening,  rather  than  being 
crushed  and  employed  in  the  usual  manner. 
Additional  material  from  the  site  is  shown  in  plate  15.  Although 
the  pottery  now  found  scattered  over  the  surface  has  been  broken 
into  small  pieces  by  the  constant  cultivation  of  the  land  for  many 
years,  larger  specimens  have  been  encountered  exposed  on  the  face 
of  the  river  bank  below  the  upper  stratum  of  soil  that  had  been  dis- 
turbed by  the  plow.    One  such  piece  is  illustrated  in  plate  15.    This 
