36  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    96 
tinuously  the  copulating  movements  of  the  abdomen,  which  in  the 
male  are  stimulated  normally  only  by  the  contact  of  his  body  with 
the  back  of  the  female. 
To  effect  copulation  the  male  mantis,  as  described  and  shown  in 
photographs  by  Roeder,  lowers  his  abdomen  on  the  right  side  of  the 
female  and  bends  the  end  around  in  an  acute  curve  to  the  left  beneath 
the  female's  wings,  so  that  the  phallic  organs  are  directed  forward 
toward  the  genital  chamber  of  the  female,  into  which  eventually  they 
are  inserted  between  the  ovipositor  and  the  subgenital  sternum.  The 
exact  use  of  the  male  organs  has  not  been  observed,  but  the  only 
response  of  the  female  is  an  elevation  of  the  ovipositor.  Copulation, 
once  effected,  continues  a  varying  length  of  time.  Binet  (1931)  says 
that  out  of  doors  in  an  afternoon  sun  it  is  completed  in  about  15 
minutes,  according  to  Przibram  (1907)  it  lasts  usually  about  2|  hours 
with  specimens  in  cages,  Roeder  (1935)  observes  that  it  continues 
4  or  5  hours.  Insemination  is  finally  accomplished  by  the  transfer  of  a 
spermatophore,  formed  in  the  genital  organs  of  the  male,  into  the 
genital  chamber  of  the  female.  The  production  of  a  spermatophore 
by  mantids  during  copulation  has  been  recorded  by  Przibram  (1907) 
and  by  Gerhardt  (1914).  The  spermatophore  of  Mantis  religiosa 
here  shown  at  D  of  figure  9  was  furnished  by  Prof.  K.  D.  Roeder, 
of  Tufts  College,  who  says  it  was  produced  by  a  male  not  in  copula- 
tion with  a  female,  but  having  the  suboesophageal  ganglion  removed. 
The  specimen  when  received  projected  from  the  right  side  of  the  male 
genitalia,  but  evidently  it  had  been  formed  in  the  shallow  dorsal 
cavity  of  the  ventral  phallomere,  for  the  long  tapering  neck  was  still 
held  in  the  end  of  the  ejaculatory  duct.  The  opening  of  the  female 
spermatheca  of  Tenodera  sinensis  is  a  minute  pore  on  the  under  sur- 
face of  a  large  lobe  of  the  body  wall  between  the  bases  of  the  ventral 
valvulae  of  the  ovipositor  (fig.  9  C,  Spr).  Evidently  the  tip  of  the 
spermatophore  neck,  or  duct,  must  be  inserted  into  the  spermathecal 
aperture. 
VIII.   BLATTOIDEA 
The  male  genital  organs  of  the  cockroaches  differ  in  no  essential 
respect  from  those  of  the  mantids.  The  external  genitalia  appear  in 
an  early  nymphal  stage  as  two  or  three  small  phallic  lobes  close  to  the 
gonopore,  and  the  lobes  retain  their  individualities  in  the  adult  stage. 
The  mature  phallomeres  are  either  relatively  simple  structures,  widely 
separated,  or  they  form  groups  of  highly  complex  processes,  which 
in  Blatta  and  Periplaneta  are  very  similar  to  the  phallic  organs  of 
Mantidae.  A  phallic  gland  is  present,  which  in  Blatta  and  Periplaneta 
opens  as  in  the  mantids  on  the  left  phallomere. 
