NO.    5      MALE  GENITALIA  OF  ORTHOPTEROID  INSECTS — SNODGRASS        'J'] 
These  species  apparently  do  not  dififer  essentially  in  their  genital 
structure  from  the  species  described  above,  but  on  the  dorsal  surface 
of  the  phallus  of  C.  lopidicola  Walker  notes  the  presence  of  two 
small  openings  leading  into  a  pair  of  partly  glandular  tubules.  In 
Gryllotalpidae  a  single  long  tube  opens  in  a  similar  position  (fig.  38  B, 
D,PhGld). 
In  a  half-grown  nymph  of  CcuthophUus  the  phallus  is  a  simple 
flattened  structure,  resembling  that  of  a  nymphal  tettigoniid ;  it 
consists  of  a  broad  smooth  dorsal  lobe,  and  a  smaller  bilobed  ventral 
lamella,  with  a  flat  cavity  between  them. 
Judging  from  the  structure  of  the  male  genital  organ,  the  Rha- 
phidophorinae  would  appear  to  be  related  on  the  one  hand  to  the 
Decticinae,  and  on  the  other  to  the  dryllidae.  The  enclosure  of  the 
dorsal  sac  and  the  development  of  an  epiphallus  on  the  margin  of  the 
covering  fold  are  features  highly  evolved  in  the  true  crickets,  though 
with  more  important  accompanying  modifications  that  set  the  gryllids 
entirely  apart  from  the  camel  crickets.  Again,  the  spermatophore  of 
the  rhaphidophorine  Dicstramuicna  (fig.  30  E),  as  shown  by  Gerhardt 
(1913),  is  of  the  gryllid  and  not  of  the  tettigoniid  type,  in  so  far 
as  it  contains  only  one  sperm  capsule  (and  the  same  should  be  true  f 
other  genera  since  all  have  the  same  general  structure  of  the  phallus), 
but  the  spermatophore  otherwise  has  no  resemblance  to  a  typical 
gryllid  spermatophore  (figs.  32  F,  35  E).  and  is  covered  during 
copulation  with  a  bilobed  mass  of  albuminous  substance  as  in  the 
tettigoniids,  including  Decticinae.  If  we  might  assume,  as  Walker 
(1922)  does,  that  the  rhaphidophorine  type  of  phallus  is  generalized, 
we  could  then  suppose  that  the  gryllid  type  has  been  produced  from 
it  by  elaboration,  and  the  tettigoniid  type  by  simplification.  As  already 
pointed  out,  however,  the  nymphal  development  of  the  phallus  leads 
directly  into  the  simpler  phallic  structures  found  in  the  Tettigoniidae. 
Stenopehnatus  fuscus. — Sfcnopcluiafus  is  inserted  here  not  because 
its  genital  structures  show  any  close  similarity  to  those-  of  the  Rha- 
phidophorinae,  but  because  they  do  not  include  the  characteristic 
genital  features  of  the  Gryllidae.  The  true  crickets  have  a  well- 
developed  epiphallus,  and  the  dorsal  wall  of  the  dorsal  phallic  sac 
bears  a  distal  lobe  or  long  process  with  associated  supporting  sclero- 
tizations,  which  serves  to  guide  the  slender  duct  of  the  spermatophore 
into  the  receptacle  of  the  female.  However,  Stenopehnatus  has  such 
general  grylloid  characters  as  the  close  union  of  the  epiproct  with  the 
tenth  tergum  (fig.  31  A),  the  presence  of  a  dorsal  phallic  pouch, 
though  the  latter  is  relatively  very  small  (D,  dc),  and  the  absence  of 
eversible  processes  or  other  armature  on  the  floor  of  the  dorsal  sac. 
