NO. 7 FLOCKS OF NEOTROPICAL BIRDS — MOYNIHAN 3 



Resident in Panama. Common both in young second-growth forest 

 and along the edges of fairly mature forest. Primarily a bird of the 

 treetops. 



Moderately gregarious apart from mixed species flocks, several 

 pairs or family groups sometimes occurring together. Somewhat less 

 active and restless than the plain-colored tanager. Very noisy, fre- 

 quently uttering rather plaintive-sounding wheet call notes. Adult 

 males (at least) also utter twittering songs very frequently in some 

 of the situations in which other species usually utter call notes (see 

 Eisenmann, 1952, for a transcription of the typical song of this species 

 in Panama). 



Blue Tanager (Thraupis episcopus). — Slightly smaller than the 

 palm tanager. Sexes nearly identical in plumage ; dull light blue, with 

 brighter blue wings and tail (in the Panamanian subspecies diaconus). 



Resident in Panama. Most common in young, scattered, second- 

 growth forest, but occurring also along the edges of fairly mature 

 forest. Primarily a bird of the treetops but less markedly so than the 

 plain-colored or palm tanagers. 



Moderately gregarious apart from mixed species flocks, like the 

 palm tanager, and similar to the palm tanager in notes and movements. 



Golden-masked Tanager (Tangara larvata). — Similar to the plain- 

 colored tanager in size. Sexes nearly identical in plumage ; conspicu- 

 ously marked with an intricate pattern of bright blue, yellow, black, 

 and white. 



Resident in Panama. Most common in young, scattered, second- 

 growth forest and in gardens, but occurring also along the edges of 

 fairly mature forest. Common in bushes, near the ground, as well as 

 in the treetops. 



Only very slightly gregarious apart from mixed species flocks, 

 seldom or never congregating in groups larger than a single family. 

 Otherwise similar to the plain-colored tanager in behavior. 



Green Honeycreeper (Chlorophanes spisa). — Very tanagerlike in 

 appearance. Like the species of the genus Tangara in size and shape, 

 aside from the bill. Sexes very different in adult plumage. The adult 

 male is bright blue-green with a black head. The adult female is bright 

 grass-green all over. Juveniles of both sexes are grass-green like the 

 adult female. 



Resident in Panama. Distribution similar to that of the plain- 

 colored tanager ; most common along the edges of fairly mature forest. 

 Primarily a bird of the treetops. 



Also very similar to the plain-colored tanager in voice and move- 

 ments, but not usually very gregarious apart from mixed species flocks 



