NO. 7 THE COLD-RANDED SKIPPER CLARK 43 



Continuing to darken, the head, thorax, and wing covers become dark 

 coffee brown with a tinge of green, darkest on the outer portion of 

 the wing covers, Hghter and sHghtly reddish dorsally. The abdomen is 

 bright burnt sienna above, later changing to bright mahogany brown, 

 with the posterior half of each segment darker than the anterior, and 

 the cremaster much darker. 



The darkening continues slowly through pupal life, the pupa be- 

 coming entirely blackish 2 or 3 days before the butterfly emerges. 



For 2 or 3 days after the formation of the pupa the abdomen 

 remains very flexible, and the pupa somewhat irritable. The abdomen 

 then gradually shortens and toward the end of the pupal stage has 

 become immobile. 



When first formed the pupa is very shiny and has a wet appearance. 

 With the darkening in color the appearance of wetness disappears, and 

 a thin, even, finely granular lavender-gray bloom or pruinosity gradu- 

 ally begins to manifest itself. During the next 20 hours the bloom 

 increases in density and extends itself all over the pupa, except for the 

 narrow rings between the abdominal segments and the deepest por- 

 tions of the sutures, appearing last on the wing covers, over which it 

 spreads from the base to the tip. The outer portions of the wing 

 covers are the last areas to be covered. Meanwhile all trace of green 

 has disappeared from the pupa. The bloom now begins to lighten in 

 color and to change from a granular to a flocculent appearance, trans- 

 forming into a flocculent and rather thick covering, looking when 

 magnified somewhat like light, flocculent lavender-tinted snow. It is 

 absent from the soft bands between the abdominal segments and from 

 the beveled edges of the latter, from the glazed eye, from the circular 

 patches on the ventral side of the abdomen, from the deepest portions 

 of the sutural lines, from the prothoracic and other spiracles, and 

 from the cremaster, except the sunken ventral portion ; but eventually 

 it may spread over some or all of these, although the prothoracic 

 spiracles and the cremaster are rarely more than lightly covered. 



The bloom is of a soft waxy texture and forms a very efficient pro- 

 tection against water. It is only very slightly, if at all, soluble in 

 alcohol. 



In general form the pupa is most like that of Aclialarus lyciades, 

 with the abdomen plump and the anterior portion rather slender. 



As viewed dorsally the head and prothorax form a subquadrangular 

 mass slightly broader in front than behind, nearly twice as broad as 

 long, with very broadly rounded outer angles passing over into a 

 rather strongly convex front of which the middle third has a convexity 

 of its own that brings it very slightly in advance of the arc formed by 



