NO. 10 SECOND REPORT ON FOLSOM COMPLEX ROBERTS 2"] 



The points range between 3 and 10 mm in length, from 4 to 7 mm in 

 width at the base, and from 2 to 3 mm in width at the cutting end. 



Both gravers and chisel-gravers are found in combination with 

 other tools. There is a definite group of " snub-nosed " scrapers ex- 

 hibiting the feature, and not a few side scrapers have one or the 

 other type of point on a side or an end. Such specimens suggest that 

 the small points may have served a utilitarian as well as an artistic 

 l)urpose, although it is hard to postulate what such a function might 

 have been. Most of them are too small to have served as awls or 

 perforators. 



CHOPPERS 



Implements of this type are not numerous in the collection, com- 

 prising only 0.5 percent, but they form a definite class. They could 

 be considered as variations of the tools generally called hand axes 

 or rough celts (fig. 5, a and Z?). To avoid complications in the matter 

 of correlation and chronological implications not necessarily justified, 

 neither of those more common names will be used in referring to such 

 objects. The choppers were made from true cores or from pseudo 

 cores. The latter were originally flakes of more than average size 

 which produced an object exhibiting in all respects the characteristics 

 of a core implement despite the fact that the stone from w^iich it was 

 formed was not a complete nodule. The general shape of the tools 

 suggests the adze or celt of the later Indians. The workmanship was 

 not as good as that on the chipped celts of more recent times. The 

 makers wore apparently satisfied with the minimum expenditure of 

 effort needed to make a usable tool. The main outlines were roughed 

 out by the removal of large flakes, and the finer chipping was reserved 

 for one chisellike end. The bases are rough. As there is no trace of 

 rubbing or polish on the stones to indicate that they were hafted, 

 they may have been held in the hand. If so, the butt ends were probably 

 wrapped in a piece of bison skin or similar substance to prevent slip- 

 ping and to protect the user's palm. 



The specimen marked a, figure 5, has an overall length of 71 mm. 

 It is 43 mm wide at the base end and 27 mm wide at the cutting edge. 

 The thickness at the base is 28 mm and at the bit 5 mm. Chopper h, 

 fig. 5, has a total length of 74 m. It is 39 mm broad at the base and 

 24 mm wide at the cutting edge. The l)ase is 22 mm thick and the 

 cutting end 3 mm. 



Numerous unworked stones which were so shaped by nature as to 

 make efficient choppers were found on the site. That many of these 

 were used in splitting and hacking bones was suggested by the fact 



