32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 95 



tioned in the discussions of the gravers and knives, were employed in 

 some utilitarian fashion before being tossed aside. Every type of ma- 

 terial observed in the points or fragments of points is represented in 

 the channel flakes. 



The hammerstones are as a rule merely nodules with battered ends. 

 Any chance stone which could be held in the hand and used for strik- 

 ing seemed to answer the purpose, although in a few cases (pi. 12, i, 

 for example) the stone was roughly shaped to an oval form. The 

 majority were like k, plate 12, however. These objects were probably 

 employed in knocking flakes ofif large nodules, for cracking bones, and 

 other purposes where a striking implement would be required. Harder 

 types of stone were used for this purpose, and the specimens in the 

 collection are of granite, quartz, and petrified wood. The hammer- 

 stones range between 12 and 16 ounces in weight. 



The pieces of sandstone in the collection show that they were used 

 as rubbing stones. Many of them have distinctly flattened sides and 

 ends (pi. 12, a, b, d) . Some of them suggest the small hand stone used 

 by the later Indians in grinding grain, nuts, and other materials, but 

 no mortars or nether milling stones have been found, and it therefore 

 seems that they must have had some other function. As most of the 

 fragments of this type are stained with red pigment, it is possible that 

 they were used to work color into a skin or some other substance. One 

 of the stones (pi. 12, c) has a shallow concavity in one side and may 

 have been a paint bowl. A similar specimen was found in the 1934 

 work. Neither indicates that it was a mortar in which pigment was 

 ground. Both must have served merely as mixing bowls or palettes. 

 One piece has a number of grooves or scratches in one side. These 

 indicate that it was employed as a sharpening stone for touching 

 up the ends of bone awls. 



Many pieces of hematite were obtained from various places in the 

 excavations. Some are very small, but others are sizeable nodules. 

 The surfaces on all of them are smooth and striated from rubbing. 

 One piece was shaped until it approximates a trapezoidal form. An 

 attempt was obviously made to perforate it, as it was drilled on two 

 sides, but the hole was not completed. The owner probably intended 

 to suspend it on a thong either as a pendant or to prevent loss. Hema- 

 tite was widely used by the later Indians both for the making of 

 ornamental objects and as a source of paint. To judge from the nu- 

 merous fragments in the present collection, Folsom man also found 

 it a necessary component in his material culture complex. 



