no. 2 dimensions of flying animals — greenewalt 23 



Table 8. — data from karl mullenhoff, pflueger's arch. 

 GESAMTE physiologie, VOL. 35, PP. 407-453 (1885) 



Data for birds, bats, and insects 



P — Total weight in grams. 



Weighings made to three significant figures on freshly killed animals. 



p — Weight of flight muscles in grains. 



F — Total sustaining surface in square centimeters (values not given in the tables 

 which follow). Birds were placed on their back with wings and tail feathers 

 extended as in flight and the entire contour traced on white paper. Parallel 

 lines 1 centimeter apart were drawn on the figure and the area measured, 

 taking the mean length between lines and summing the areas. 

 Insects were mounted on needles, the wings arranged as in flight. After drying 

 the specimens, the contours were traced on millimeter cross-section paper and 

 the individual square millimeters counted. 



f — Area of both zuings in square centimeters. 

 Determination as for sustaining surface. 



The area for a given contour could be measured with an accuracy 1 to 1,000, 

 but repeated measurements on a given bird, because of variable stretching of 

 the wings, would deviate by as much as 1 in 100. 



K — Wing spread in centimeters. 



1 — Length of both zvings in centimeters. 



These were taken directly from the contour drawings made for the deter- 

 mination of F and f. They are accurate to 1 part in 100. 

 The values given by other observers were selected by Miillenhofif on the basis 



of their accuracy and self-consistency. The diff^erent observers are identified in 



the second column as follows : 



1, Mullenhoff 4, V. Ledenfeld 7, De Lucy 



2, Harting 5, Marey 8, Pettigrew 



3, Mouillard 6, Legal and Reichel 9, Krarup Hansen 



Wing area Length 

 Flight for both Wing of both 

 Weight muscles wings spread wings 

 Ob- gms. Wt.-gms. cm.^ cm. cm. 

 server P p f K 1 



Bats : 



1 Pteropus edulis 2 



2 " geoffroyi 3 



3 Macroglossus minimus 2 



4 Phyllostoma perspicillatuin 2 



5 " spectrum 2 



6 Megaderma trifolium 2 



7 Glossophaga soricinus 2 



8 Vespertilio pipistrellus 2 



9 " murinus $ 4 



10 " " 2 



11 " pipistrellus .... 1 



12 Plecotus auritus 2 



13 Taphosous saccolaemus .... 2 



14 Mormops sp 2 



