IV 



PREFACE 



adapted to the ease, comfort, and general 

 efficiency of the operator. Similar problems 

 occur in the auditory field, and both visual 

 and sound communication add further prob- 

 lems of this nature. 



Basic to the performance of any task are 

 the physiological and psychological condi- 

 tions under which a person must work. Con- 

 sequently, habitability, or the conditions of 

 temperature, humidity, pressure, diet, sleep, 

 rest, and the effect of noise, color, lighting, 

 and motion all enter into the general prob- 

 lem of over-all efficiency. The numerous 

 factors which enter into physiological stress 

 are of course extremely important. If one 

 is fatigued, distracted, emotionally dis- 

 turbed, anxious and tense, and generally 

 over-wrought, efficiency is likely to suffer. 

 Likewise, the effect of one's basic motiva- 

 tions, the morale and leadership problems, 

 and general social relationships on board 

 ship may seriously hamper performance of 

 individuals and the whole crew. 



Thus, it may be seen that in addition to 

 selection and training problems, there are 

 many other general considerations involving 

 the physiological and psychological state of 

 the individual which must be taken into 

 consideration in seeking the optimal effi- 

 ciency of the submarine crew. It is necessary 

 to know what the environment on board a 

 submarine is like, what the activities are, 

 and how the submariner lives and works, 

 but it should be strongly emphasized that 

 the survey is not concerned with the specific 

 details of these tasks and conditions. Rather, 

 it is concerned with basic knowledge derived 

 from research in these areas which may help 

 solve the problems and which may point 

 the way to problems on which research 

 should be undertaken. This research may 

 not be based on submarine problems per se 

 but upon particular variables isolated for 

 study in the laboratory. In still other in- 

 stances the research may have been done in 

 connection with man and machine in other 

 types of military applications, the results of 

 which may be applicable to the submarine. 



In order to understand the objectives of 

 the survey better and to become familiar 

 with some of the physical and operational 

 features of submarines, the panel members 

 and the authors attended a meeting at the 

 Submarine Base in New London, Connecti- 

 cut on 8 and 9 December, 1947. All partic- 

 ipants are greatly indebted to Rear Admiral 

 P. F, Lee, Chief of Naval Research, ONR, 

 and to Rear Admiral James Fife, Com- 

 mander Submarine Force, Atlantic Fleet, 

 who made this meeting possible. Likewise, 

 grateful acknowledgement is made to the 

 staff of ComSubLant, who participated in 

 the indoctrination lectures and demonstra- 

 tions. Special indebtedness is acknowledged 

 to Captain Roy S. Benson and Captain 

 Thomas L. Willmon, who so ably discussed 

 operational and other problems, and to Dr. 

 John Ide of the Underwater Sound Labora- 

 tory for discussing sonar and other types of 

 detection equipment. Professor Walter S. 

 Hunter, Brown University, and Dr. Eugene 

 F. DuBois, Cornell University Medical 

 School, representing the Committee on Un- 

 dersea Warfare, graciously gave of their 

 counsel at this meeting and provided many 

 helpful suggestions. 



During the course of the preparation of 

 the chapters for this volume it was necessary 

 for several of the authors to visit submarine 

 bases and observe during trips on subma- 

 rines. To the officers and men who so wil- 

 lingly gave of their time and cooperation to 

 make these visits possible and profitable, 

 the panel and authors are indeed grateful. 

 The Panel is especially grateful to Com- 

 mander William D. Groverman and his staff, 

 Undersea Warfare Branch, Office of Naval 

 Research, for their assistance in these and 

 many other matters. 



Although extremely busy with other 

 duties. Dr. Francis W. Irwin, Editor of the 

 Journal of Experimental Psychology, has 

 shouldered the burden of the general editing 

 of the manuscripts for publication in this 

 volume. The indexes were prepared by Dr. 

 James C. Diggory, University of Pennsyl- 



