REFERENCES 



247 



tortion. It would be a great pity if the 

 research effort of the Navy were to be re- 

 stricted to the specific problem posed by 

 this or that engineering innovation. Dur- 

 ing a war this orientation toward testing 

 individual pieces of equipment is necessary 

 and unavoidable. Now, with the heavy 

 weather past, we may gain a glimpse of the 

 sun to take our latitude and replot our true 

 course. 



The problem for future research is to con- 

 tract a general theory of auditory percep- 

 tion that will bridge the gap between the 

 perception of meaningless tonal stimuli and 

 the perception of meaningful spoken mes- 

 sages. The present state of the art indi- 

 cates that such a theory is possible to 

 achieve, but it has not been achieved as 

 yet. More information is needed. This in- 

 formation will come in part from sensorj'' 

 physiology, in part from phychophysical 

 studies of the perception of tones, and in 

 part from articulation testing procedures. 

 We need to know more about the percep- 

 tion of the individual speech sounds, syn- 

 thetic speech, complex tonal patterns and 

 noise, and the temporal aspects of sound 

 stimulation. As this information accumu- 

 lates we should be able to draw a clearer 

 picture of the terminal component in every 

 voice communication system — the listener. 



References 



1. Beranek, L. L. The design of speech com- 



munication systems. Proc. Inst. Radio En- 

 gin., 1947, 35, 880-890. 



2. CoLLARD, J. A theoretical study of the artic- 



ulation and intelligibility of a telephone 

 circuit. Elec. Comm., 1929, 7, 168-186. 



3. CoLLARD, J. Calculation of the articulation 



of a telephone circuit from the circuit con- 

 stants. Elec. Comm., 1930, 8, 141-163. 



4. CoLLARD, J. A new criterion of circuit per- 



formance. Elec. Comm., 1933, 11, 226-233. 



5. CoLLARD, J. The practical application of the 



new imit of circuit performance. Elec. 

 Comm., 1934, 12, 270-275. 



6. Davis, H. (ed.) Hearing and deafness. 



New York: Murray Hill, 1947. 



7. Davis, H., Hudgins, C. V., Marquis, R. J., 



Nichols, R. H., Ross, D. A., & Stevens, 



S. S. The selection of hearing aids. Laryn- 

 goscope, 1946, 56, 85-115, 135-153. 



8. Egan, J. P. Articulation testing methods II. 



OSRD Report No. 3802 (Psycho-Acoustic 

 Laboratory, Harvard University, Aug. 25, 

 1943) . Available through the Office of Tech- 

 nical Services, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, 

 Washington , D . C . PB No . 22848 . 



9. Egan, J. P., & Wiener, F. M. On the intel- 



ligibility of bands of speech in noise. /. 

 acoust. Soc. Amer., 1946, 18, 435-551. 



10. Fletcher, H. Speech and hearing. New 



York: D. Van Nostrand, 1929. 



11. Fletcher, H., & Steinberg, J. C. Articula- 



tion testing methods. Bell Syst. tech. J., 

 1929, 8, 806-854. 



12. French, N. R., & Steinberg, J. C. Factors 



governing the intelligibility of speech 

 sounds. /. acoust. Soc. Amer., 1947, 19, 

 90-119. 



13. Gemelli, a. Observation sur le phoneme 



au point de vue de la psychologic. Acta 

 Psychol., Hague, 1938, 4, 83-112. 



14. GoFFARD, S. J., & Egan, J. P. Procedures 



for measuring the intelligibility of speech: 

 sound-powered telephone systems. Report 

 PNR-33 from the psycho-Acoustic Labora- 

 tory, Harvard Univ., Feb. 1, 1947. 



15. Gross, N. B., & Licklider, J. C. R. The 



effects of tilting and clipping upon intelligi- 

 bility of speech. Report PNR-11 from the 

 Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory, Harvard 

 Univ., April 15, 1946. 



16. Hawkins, J. E. The masking of signals by 



noise. OSRD Report No. 5387 (Psycho- 

 Acoustic Laboratory, Harvard Univ., Oct. 

 1, 1945). Available through the Office of 

 Technical Services, U. S. Dept. of Com- 

 merce, Washington, D. C. PB L68916. 



17. Kryter, K. D. Effects of ear protective 



devices on the intelligibility of speech in 

 noise. /. acoust. Soc. Amer., 1946, 18, 413- 

 417. 



18. Kryter, K. D., Licklider, J. C. R., & Ste- 



vens, S. S. Premodulation clipping in AM 

 voice communication. J. acoust. Soc. 

 Amer., 1947, 19, 125-131. 



19. Licklider, J. C. R. Effects of amplitude 



distortion upon the intelligibility of speech. 

 /. acoust. Soc. Amer., 1946, 18, 429-434. 



20. Licklider, J. C. R. The influence of in- 



teraural phase relations upon the masking 

 of speech by white noise. J. acoust. Soc. 

 Amer., 1948, 20, 150-159. 



21. Licklider, J. C. R., Bindra, D., & Pollack, 



I. The intelligibility of rectangular speech- 

 waves. Amer. J. Psychol., 1948, 61, 1-20. 



