340 



SLEEP-WAKEFULNESS CYCLE 



D. Changes in Sleeping Equipment 



Although no specific complaints have been 

 voiced by the crew of the DOGFISH, the 

 sleeping bunks were both too narrow and too 

 close to each other. The quahty of sleep 

 on wider and longer bunks could be investi- 

 gated under both laboratory and submarine 

 conditions, using subjective and objective 

 criteria. For the former, reports by men 

 sleeping alternately on bunks of different 

 dimensions would suffice; for the latter it 

 would be necessary to employ devices for 

 recording the frequency and magnitude of 

 movements, as well as the total time spent 

 in motihty. during sleep. The crowding 

 could be overcome, even without increasing 

 the present allotment of space for sleeping 

 quarters, by redesigning the placement of 

 the bunks. Since, under ordinary condi- 

 tions, only two men out of three can be 

 asleep, or merely lying down, at one time, 

 an arrangement for having any one of the 

 three bunks out of the way would permit 

 greater vertical space between the other two 

 bunks. A reading lamp at the hoad of each 

 bunk would be a great boon to those who 

 like to read and are often confined to the 

 only place they can call their own by the 

 crowded and noisy condition of the mess 

 room. 



When new submarines are built, serious 

 consideration should be given to enlarging 

 the sleeping quarters of the personnel, both 

 officers and crew, and to changing the design, 

 construction, and arrangement of the sleep- 

 ing equipment, in line with data obtained 

 by observation and experiment. 



Summary 



Future studies of the contribution good 

 sleep can make to the well-being and effi- 

 ciency of the submarine personnel can thus 

 be envisaged as directed along two inde- 

 pendent, though complementary, fines: the 

 establishment and maintenance of a regular 

 sleep-wakefulness cycle, in conformity with 

 the prevaifing routine of activities, and the 

 achievement of restful and restoring sleep 



by proper design and arrangement of sleep- 

 ing equipment. 



Acknowledgments 



For the survey of other factors related to 

 efficiency of submarine operation the several 

 authors could and did draw on data from a 

 voluminous hterature. On the subject of 

 sleep and wakefulness on submarines no pub- 

 lished accounts are available, and it became 

 necessary to make a personal survey of exist- 

 ing conditions as a basis for formulating 

 recommendations for future research. The 

 writer, therefore, wishes to express his grati- 

 tude to the Committee on Undersea Warfare, 

 the Staff of Commander, Submarine Force, 

 U.S. Atlantic Fleet, and most particularly 

 to all the officers and men of the DOGFISH 

 for their wholehearted cooperation in the 

 collection of the data upon which this sur- 

 vey is based. 



References 



1. Kleitman, N. Sleep and wakefulness. Chi- 



cago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1939. 



2. Kleitman, N., & Ramsaroop, A. Periodicity 



in body temperature and heart rate. Endo- 

 crinology, 1948, 43, 1. 



Appendix 



Personal Inventory of Habits of Living — SLEEP, 

 DUTY, MEALS, RECREATION 



Name Rank or Rate 



Serial No Length of service: in Navy 



on S/M Married Single 



Age 



A. PRIOR TO JOINING NAVY (and when at 

 liberty or on leave, since joining Navy) 



SLEEP Usual time of going to bed of 



getting up 



Going to bed later than usual: often. . . . seldom 

 regularly on. . . . 



Going to bed earlier than usual : often .... seldom 

 .... regularly on ... . 



Getting up later than usual : often .... seldom 

 .... regularly on ... . 



Getting up earlier than usual: often seldom 



.... regularly on ... . 



Usual state at bed-time: wide-awake. . . . moder- 

 ately sleepy .... very sleepy .... varied .... 



Usually going to sleep : with ease .... with diffi- 

 culty .... varied .... not noticed. . . . 



