436 



PHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS 



other by changing the attitudes or physio- 

 logical states of the subjects? This is a 

 problem on which there may well be very 

 profitable psychophysiological research. 



VI. Summary 



An attempt has been made to evaluate 

 evidence related to three types of stress: A, 

 stresses of habitabihty; B, stresses arising in 

 performance of duty; C, stresses involving 

 emotion following perception of danger; and, 

 in addition, D, conditions of physiological 

 impairment accessory to and aggravating 

 effects of stress. In the course of this pres- 

 entation special consideration has been given 

 the following: 



1. Important differences, attributable to 

 the presence of carbon dioxide, between re- 

 actions to low oxygen undersea and at high 

 altitudes. 



2. "Side effects" of the normal adjust- 

 ments to stress which may account for per- 

 sisting and pathological effects, 



3. The roles of background excitation and 

 postural substrate under stress as factors in 

 performance. 



4. The view that "emotional" bodily 

 changes differ from normal changes only in 

 that their physiological adjustments exceed 

 requirements and may be excessive, inap- 

 propriate, or disorganized. 



C 5. The influence of emotionally induced 

 organic changes upon the brain. 

 ^ 6. The role of consciousness in behavior 

 and morale. 



Repebences 



1. Adolph, E. F. Physiological fitness for the 



desert. Fed. Proc. Amer. Soc. exp. Biol., 

 1943, 2, 158-164. 



2. Arnold, M. B. Physiological differentiation 



of emotionai states. Psychol. Rev., 1945, 

 52, 35-48. 



3. Bartley, S. H., & Chute, E. Fatigue and 



impairment in man. McGraw-Hill, New 

 York, 1947. 



4. Baldock, G. R., & Walter, W. G. A new 



electronic analyser. Elect. Eng., 1946, 18, 

 339-344. 



5. Bean, W. B., & Eichna, L. W. Performance 



in relation to environmental temperature. 



Fed. Proc. Amer. Soc. exp. Biol., 1943, 2, 

 144-158. 



6. Benedict, F. F., & Benedict, C. G. Mental 



effort in relation to gaseous e.xchange, heart 

 rate, and the mechanics of respiration. 

 Carnegie hist. Publ., 1933, Publ. 446, pp. 83. 



7. Best, C. H., & Taylor, N. B. The physi- 



ological basis of medical practice. Williams 

 and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1939. 



8. Bills, A. G. Fatigue in mental work. 



Psychol. Rev. 1937, 17, 436-453. 



9. Bills, A. G. Facilitation and inhibition in 



mental work. Psychol. Bull., 1937, 34, 

 286-309. 



10. Brozek, J. M. Psychological factors in rela- 



tion to performance and fatigue. Fed. 

 Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., 1943, 2, 135-144. 



11. Burton, A. C., & Taylor, R. M. A study of 



the adjustment of peripheral vascular tone 

 to the requirements of the regulation of 

 body temperature. Amer. J. Physiol., 

 1940, 129, 565-577. 



12. Cannon, W. B. Bodily changes in pain, 



hunger, fear, and rage. 2nd Ed. Appleton, 

 New York, 1929. 



13. Cannon, W. B. The wisdom of the body. 



W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1932. 



14. Cannon, W. B. The role of emotion in dis- 



ease. Ann. int. Med., 1936, 9, 1453-1465. 



15. Carr, H. a. Psychology: a study of mental 



activity. Longmans Green & Co., New 

 York, 1925. 



16. Case, T. J., Adams, W., Alving, E., Bay, E., 



Bryan, H., Carmichael, H., Halstead, 

 W., & Landown, M. Chronic effects of 

 intermittent anoxia in man — Studies of 

 cerebral electrical activity. OEM, cmr, 113. 

 July 1943. 



17. Chorobski, J., & Penfield, W. Cerebral 



vasodilator nerves and their pathway from 

 the medulla oblongata. Arch. Neur. Psy- 

 chiat., 1932, 28, 1257-1289. 



18. Courts, F. A. Relations between experi- 



mentally induced muscular tension and 

 memorization. /. exp. Psychol., 1939, 25, 

 235-256. 



19. Darling, R. P. Autonomic action in rela- 



tion to personality traits of children. /. 

 abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1940, 35, 246-260. 



20. Darrow, C. W. Emotion as relative func- 



tional decortication: The role of conflict. 

 Psychol. Rev., 1935, 42, 566-578. 



21. Darrow, C. W. Galvanic skin reflex (sweat- 



ing) and blood-pressure as preparatory and 

 facilitative functions. Psychol. Bull., 1936, 

 33, 73-94. 



22. Darrow, C. W. The equation of the gal- 



vanic skin reflex curve. I. The dynamics 



