Geology. 293 



other organisms, which together with other reef debris have 

 accurauhited on the ilanks of the island ; this is the prevailing 

 type, and is found on all sides of the island where this clifF is well 

 developed. The cases where the Miocene rocks are exposed have 

 been noticed above. Rocks forming a cliff of the second type are 

 described by Professor Kupert Jones and ^Ir. Chapman under the 

 numbers 979 (p. 259), 859, 1002, 1005, 1006 (p. 260), 900, 403a 

 (p. 261), 937, 864 (p. 262), 200, 202, 208, 209 (p. 263), and 

 1032 (p. 264). It will be seen that some of these are described 

 as being hrccciated or as forming a ' microconglomerate,' and as 

 a matter of fact they all seem to me to be mainly of detrital origin. 

 Again, several are described as 'recent,' but this can only be 

 regarded as a relative term, since they are probably older than 

 the Pleistocene. It should be noticed, however, that the corals 

 described by Dr. Gregory from this cliff are either recent forms or 

 very closely allied to recent forms (see p. 210 et seqq.), and usually 

 occur also in the sea cliff, but on this point see below (p. 294). 

 Nos. 1002, 1005-6 may be taken as fairly typical of the rocks of 

 the vertical face (200 feet high) of this cliff as developed on the 

 east coast. No. 900 was from the bottom of a cliff forming the 

 western side of the deep cleft by which Steep Point Hill has been 

 cut off from the main mass, and may be taken as typical of deeper 

 parts of this limestone ; in this specimen minute fragments of bone 

 arc not uncommon. Nos. 200, 202, 208, 209, 211, and 1032 are 

 from the first inland clifF, just north of Flying Fish Cove, and 

 form part of a series of specimens collected eveiy few feet from 

 the bottom to the top. ]S^o. 1032 is crowded with organisms, and 

 must have been formed close to a living reef. This series may 

 be taken as giving a fairly good idea of tlie kind of rocks of which 

 this cliff is, as a rule, composed. 



The first inland cliff appears to owe its origin to two different 

 causes in different localities. In the first place it may be a fault 

 cliff formed by the foundering of some portion of the outer edge 

 of the island, as described above ; this type is as a rule confined 

 to places where the Miocene limestones are exposed, e.g. east 

 coast near jS^orth-East Point and probably Egeria Point (south 

 side), where the cliff can be seen to have been formed by one 

 main slip and a number of subsidiary ones, some of which may 

 extend for a short distance only, and form a number of short low 

 cliffs at different levels above the main face. In the second case 

 the cliff is the result of wave action ; this is the commonest type, 

 and the cliffs of the north and east coast are excellent examples 

 of it. In many places it is clear that it has been formed by wave 

 action at two or three levels (see p. 10), and that the sea has stood 

 at; sevez'al horizons along this cliff is abundantly proved by the 

 fact that in places where the cliff is wanting raised reefs occur 

 at different elevations. 



For instance, south of Smith Point (see Fig. 6, p. 280) thcx'e is 

 such a reef terrace on the 180 feet contour-line, and at the foot of 



