too ENGINEERING ON THE FARM 



BOUNDARIES 



National boundaries. Boundaries limiting governmental 

 jurisdiction are indicated in various ways. An international 

 boundary may be a natural feature of topography, as a 

 river, the crest of a mountain range, or a large body of water. 

 Latitude and longitude are frequently used. Topographic 

 features determine boundaries fairly accurately for speci- 

 fications in writing, but until surveys are made they are 

 indefinite on maps and are frequently indefinite on the 

 ground. Latitude and longitude are definite both on maps 

 and in written descriptions, but have no meaning on the 

 ground until surveys have been made and monuments 

 established. After monuments are erected, any boundary 

 is definite. The north and south boundaries of the United 

 States include both topographical and latitude designations 

 (Fig. 107). 



State boundaries. State boundaries are topographic 

 features, land-survey lines, or a line run and monumented 

 as a boundary. States which have had their boundaries 

 determined since the land surveys were completed usually 

 have their boundaries conforming to certain township lines 

 and corners. States which have used topographic features, 

 such as mountain crests, have later found it necessary to 

 survey and monument a definite boundary on the crest. 

 Lakes make a definite state boundary. Rivers are the cause 

 of complications, owing to the formation of islands and the 

 cutting off of bends. 



County boundaries. In unsettled regions of the country 

 county boundaries are natural features of topography and 

 lines surveyed and monumented as boundary lines. As a 

 rule the counties finally make their boundaries conform to 

 land-survey corners and lines unless they are sharply defined 

 by topographic features. 



Government reservations. Government reservations such 

 as Indian reservations, military reservations, national for- 

 ests, etc., are bounded by natural features of topography 



