LAEVAL STAGE OF GLOSSINA BREVIPALPIS. 9;") 



Reproduction and Preliminary Stages. 



According to Stuhlmann's observations on female specimens 

 of G. brevipalpis, kept by him in captivity at Amani, German 

 East Africa, the act of birth, though occasionally lasting for a 

 quarter of an hour or more, generally takes place very quickly. 

 The larvae produced by a female kept at a temperature of from 

 23° to 25° C. (73-4° to 77° F.) were extruded at intervals, which 

 varied with the temperature from ten to twenty-two days, the 

 mean interval being about twelve days ; thus in three months 

 and a half a single female gave birth to eight larvae, two of 

 which however were not viable. Throughout the period during 

 which females of G. hrevipalpis were kept at Amani {i.e. from 

 the beginning of September, 1905, until the middle of May, 1906), 

 the extrusion of larvae proceeded uninterruptedly at approxi- 

 mately regular intervals, though these were somewhat shorter in 

 the hot than in the cold weather. Stuhlmann consequently sees 

 no reason why in nature the production of larvae should not 

 continue throughout the year, though he suggests that the 

 height of both the wet and dry seasons may be unfavourable to 

 the development of the pupae. 



The newly extruded larva, which is of the usual Glossina 

 type and shape, and, as stated by Stuhlmann, measures from 

 9 to 10 mm. in length by 2 to 3 mm. in width, is, with the 

 exception of the hindmost segment, pale yellowish-white in 

 colour, with the surface of the integument of the first eleven 

 segments of the usual finely granular and shagreen-like texture ; 

 the last or twelfth segment, which bears the tumid lips or anal 

 protuberances, is, as in other Glossina larvae, deep black. The 

 anterior portion of this segment is encircled by a band of longi- 

 tudinal ridges, and the outer surface of each lip or protuberance 

 is, as usual, granular (though the granulations are not nearly so 

 coarse or sharply defined as in the case of G. palpalis), and bears 

 two more or less clearly marked grooves or furrows, which thus 

 divide it into three prominences. The lips are actually smaller 

 than in G. palpalis and difierent in shape (not so full and 

 rounded). A dried larva of G. brevipalpis from Amani (Dr. F. 

 Vosseler), measuring 9*5 mm. in length, by 4'25 mm. in greatest 

 width, shows that the inner surfaces of the tumid lips, instead of 

 being close together and separated by a deep and narrow notch, 

 a,s in G. palpalis, are divided by a relatively wide and shallow 

 space, something like a wide V. 



