G. BREVIPALPIS: SYNONYMY AND AFFINITIES. 97 



its tracheae, and, as a result of so doing, expands greatly ; the 

 wings, which until now have been folded, become spread out, 

 and the abdomen swells to twice or thrice its original size. 

 The proboscis, which in the pupa was directed backwards, 

 is now stretched out in front, and the chitin everywhere 

 hardens. After from three to five hours it would be impossible 

 to tell from the appearance of the fly that it is still quite 

 young, and, although on the first day reluctant to feed, it sucks 

 blood greedily on the second." 



It may be noted that there is some evidence that partheno- 

 genesis may in exceptional circumstances occur in Glossina, since 

 Stuhlmann states that at Araani on two occasions virgin females 

 of G. brevipalpis, bred in captivity, produced fully developed 

 larvae. 



Synonymy and Affinities. 



As will have been seen from the references to literature 

 given above, the species of Tsetse described and figured by the 

 author in his " Monograph " as Glossina fusca* was in reality that 

 recently characterised by Newstead under the name Glossina 

 hrevipalpis, and not the true G. fusca, AValk. This regrettable 

 error has naturally had the effect of misleading subsequent 

 writers, all of whom with the exception of Newstead, in so far as 

 they have dealt with the Tsetse-flies of Nyasaland or East 

 Africa, have referred to the present species as Glossina fusca. 

 At the time when the Monograph was written the Glossinn- 

 material at the author's command was both scanty and for the 

 most part in poor condition,! so that to form correct conclusions 

 as to the characters of species was by no means easy ; since then,, 

 however, the National Collection has had little reason to 

 complain of lack of specimens, and it is now possible to revise the 

 determinations of eight years ago with a fair degree of contidence. 

 As a matter of fact, the author has for some time been convinced 

 that under the designation Glossina fusca several species were 

 confounded, and he had actually drawn up (under another 

 name) the above description of G. brevipaJpis in MS. before 

 Mr. Newstead's paper appeared. 



Together with Glossina longipennis, Corti, and G. rnedicorum, 

 Austen (see below, pp. 102, 98), G. hrevipalpis forms a well-defined 

 group (which may be called the Glossina hrevipalpis group) of 



* Austen, " Monograph of the Tsetse-Flies," pp. 95-97, Plate VI (1903). 

 t Cf. Austen, op. cit., " Introduction," p. vi. 



