34 ANDEESON, LIVINGSTONE, BUETON, KIEK. 



be similar to those mentioned by James Bi'uce in the case of 

 the "Zimb" on the Upper Atbara, and, during the months from 

 Januaiy to May, the season at which it is most troublesome, 

 cause the natives who keep cattle to behave in a similar manner 

 to those referred to by Bruce. 



In 1856 C. J. Andersson [20] gave details as to the habits 

 of Gl. morsitans, with particulars of losses among domestic animals 

 caused by it,- — details which were considerably amplified in Living- 

 stone's " Missionary Travels " [21] of the following year. Bracy 

 Clark [22], writing in 1857, and doubtless carried away by his 

 interest in his favourite CEstridse (Bot- and Warble-flies), foolishly 

 endeavoured to show that the Tsetse is identical with CEstrus 

 (Hypoderma) hovts, one of the two common cattle Warble-flies of 

 Europe. On October 5 th of the same year, Westwood [24] 

 exhibited a specimen of Glossina morsitans, brought home by 

 Major Vardon, at a meeting of the Entomological Society of 

 London, and took occasion to refute Bracy Clark's contention ; 

 but Iiimself repeated the curious mistake first made in his paper 

 of 1850, by stating that Gl. morsitans was from Lake Tchad. 

 In the following year L. de Castelnau [23] described the habits 

 of Glossina morsitans, and endeavoured to define its geographical 

 limits ; he also gave a curious account, apparently on the 

 authority of Mr. Edwards, " the companion of Mr. Chapman," 

 of an experiment by Bushmen to prove their assertion that the 

 Tsetse-fly is viviparous. 



Between 1860 and 1865 statements as to the occurrence 

 and habits of the Tsetse in different parts of Africa appeared in 

 records of travel by various writers^ including Captain R. F. 

 Burton [25], Thomas Baines [26], and David and Charles 

 Livingstone [27] j Captain Burton, who met with the fly in the 

 coui'se of his expedition from Bagamoyo to Lake Tanganyika, 

 being the first to record its occurrence in East Africa, 

 Dr. (now Sir) John Kirk's * paper, " On the ' Tsetse ' fly of 

 Tropical Africa " [28] is the best resume of our knowledge of the 

 habits of the fly yet published. Sharing in the opinion then 

 prevalent, that the fatal results of the bite of the Tsetse in the 

 case of domestic animals were due to a poison, elaborated by the 

 fly itself and injected into the wound at the moment of biting. 

 Dr. Kirk dissected the bulb at the base of the proboscis to see 

 whether it contained a poison gland. Those who know anything 

 of the internal anatomy of Diptera will scai'cely need to be told 



* Pr. Kirk had been botanist to Livingstone's Tiambesi expedition. 



