TSETSE IN EAST AFEICA PEOTECTORATE. 227 



described as the Great Borotse 'Valley' (16° 15' S. lat.). 

 Livingstone first spoke of the Borotse as a ' valley,' 

 though 'plain' or 'flats' would convey a more coiTect 

 idea of what in reality is a huge treeless alluvial plain in 

 places 50 or 60 miles wide, and extending a very con- 

 siderable distance to the north of Lialui, which stands 

 70 miles as the crow flies from the southern boundary of 

 the plain. In the winter season the Borotse yields an 

 excellent cattle pasture, and, being free from the ' Tsetse '- 

 fly, supports many thousand head of cattle" (p. 126). 



Tsetse-fly absent from the grassy valley through which 

 flows the Njoko Biver, above and below its confluence with 

 the Rampungu (p. 134). 



144. 1897. Sir A. Hardinge. 



" Report by Sir A. Hardinge on the Condition 

 AND Progress op the East Africa Protectorate from 

 ITS Establishment to the 20th July, 1897." [With 

 Map.] Presented to both Houses of Parliament by com- 

 mand of Her Majesty. December, 1897. (London: Printed 

 for Her Majesty's Stationery Ofiice by Harrison & Sons, 

 St. Martin's Lane, Printers in Ordinary to Her Majesty.) 



" It may appear somewhat remarkable that the Pro- 

 vince of Ukamba, the most uncivilised division of the 

 territory, should be the best supplied with roads, but it 

 must be remembered that the coast provinces carry on 

 their communciations with one another to a great extent 

 by sea, and secondly, that over a large portion of them 

 the climate conditions and the presence of Tsetse-fly pre- 

 clude the animal transport by carts, which in the interior 

 is the great incentive to road-making. In Witu, for 

 instance, where the Administration built a good carriage- 

 road from the capital to the Port of Mkunumbi, the 

 bullocks employed for the waggons on it all died, and the 

 old wretched system of human porterage has still to be 

 resorted to for transport, even donkeys not being pro- 

 curable in sufficient numbers" (p. 51). 



" Along the Uganda Road transport by carts drawn by 

 bullocks has been successfully initiated. Between Mazeras 

 and Kibwezi there are, however, several tracts infested by 

 Tsetse. . . ." (p. 52). 



Cattle flourish in Ukamba (p. 52). 



Q 2 



