48 SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTEEFLIES. 



forehead, clothed with scales and beneath also with hairs — terminal joint 

 very small and short ; antennce rather thick, very gradually clavate, 

 rather short, or of moderate length in the Old- World genera, but long 

 or very long in the South- American genera. Thorax rather short and 

 narrow. Fore-iuings elongate, and usually produced in apical portion : 

 discoidal cell always elongate, closed ; upper radial nervule united to, 

 and often apparently continuous of, subcostal nervule — the ist disco- 

 cellular nervule being obsolete ; lower radial in several New- World 

 genera penetrating discoidal cell; subcostal nervure 5 -branched — the 

 1st nervule branching off at some distance before the extremity of the 

 discoidal cell, and sometimes anastomosing with the costal nervure ; in- 

 ternal nervure very slender and short, uniting with submedian nervure 

 at a little distance from base. Hind-wings large, obovate, more elongate 

 in the New- World genera ; discoidal cell usually rather elongate, 

 closed ; costal nervure short, sometimes joined to subcostal nervure for a 

 little distance from base ; radial nervule usually appearing more associ- 

 ated with the subcostal than with the median nervure, and in several 

 New- World genera penetrating discoidal cell ; internal nervure well 

 developed and terminating at, or a little before, anal angle ; inner 

 margin convex near its origin, but not channelled completely so as to 

 receive abdomen. Middle and hind legs rather long and thick ; tibiae 

 spiny, with terminal spurs of moderate size. Fore-legs very small and 

 short ; the tarsi in the male reduced to one joint (or rarely two), in the 

 female usually to four joints, and without any claws. 



Abdomen elongate, slender, but usually thickened towards extremity; 

 very long in the South -American genera. 



Larva. — Moderately stout, smooth, somewhat attenuated towards 

 the head, with two or more pairs of long fleshy dorsal filaments, or 

 with two rows of small tubercles. 



Pupa. — Short, stout, rounded, smooth ; somewhat constricted at 

 junction of thorax and abdomen. Often wholly golden, or with golden 

 spots and lines. 



The Butterflies of this Sub-Family are well characterised by their 

 long abdomen and fore-wings, very gradual clavation (in the genus 

 Hestia all but obsolete) of the antennae, very small palpi, and slender 

 internal nervure anastomosing with the submedian nervure of the fore- 

 wings. As mentioned above in the notes on the Family Nymphalidce, 

 the atrophy of the fore-legs attains an extreme degree in the males of 

 some of the New- World genera, tibia and tarsus together being repre- 

 sented by a single small thick joint; but it is also very well marked in 

 those of the Old World ; and it is to be noted that the same limbs in 

 the female are often better developed and with more distinct tarsal arti- 

 culations among those South- American genera whose males exhibit the 

 extreme atrophy mentioned, than in the case of other (especially Old- 

 World) genera, where the male fore-legs are not so greatly reduced. 

 The males of many species of Danais and Euplcea present conspicuous 



