1 86 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 



downward direction, so as to reach hind-margin at some little distance 

 below the fourth branch. Hind-wings: broad and rounded, often 

 angulated at extremity of third median nervule, or produced at anal 

 angle ; costa always markedly convex next base, and often much arched 

 throughout ; hind-margin more dentated than in fore- wings, often 

 scalloped, sometimes bearing more or less pronounced processes or 

 " tails " on third and first median nervules ; inner margins strongly 

 convex from base to beyond middle, and meeting to form a deep groove 

 usually completely covering under side of abdomen ; discoidal cell 

 short, often quite open, but more commonly imperfectly closed by a 

 very thin or interrupted lower disco-cellular nervule ; costal nervure 

 long, extending to apex ; internal nervure strongly developed, usually 

 extending to beyond middle, and sometimes to a point not far from 

 anal angle. Fore-legs of $ very slender, short, more or less hairy, 

 especially tibia and tarsus, which are often very densely fringed ; 

 tarsus one-jointed, rather thickened at tip ; those of the $ rather 

 larger, less hairy or even smooth, with the tarsus indistinctly articu- 

 lated and shortly spinose beneath. Middle and hind legs rather long 

 and stout ; tibiee and tarsi almost always more or less spinose ; the 

 latter particularly so on the under side. 



Abdomen short (never more than three-fourths the length of inner 

 margin of hind-wings, usually about half, and often still less), deep at 

 base, compressed laterally, and acuminated posteriorly. 



Larva. — Spiny generally, with segmental incisions constricted ; 

 or slightly rugose, with horns or spines on head only, and with the 

 middle part thicker than the rest of the body. 



Pupa. — Short and stout, abdominal portion generally much curved ; 

 commonly with head and thorax more or less angulated, and back of 

 abdomen tuberculated. 



The butterflies of this Sub-Family are well distinguished from other 

 Nym])halidce by their robust structure generally, only Morpho and some 

 allied genera (treated as a distinct Sub-Family by some authors) ex- 

 hibiting in their feeble organisation, as well as in the more reduced 

 fore-legs, and in the characters of the larvae, an approximation to the 

 SatyrincG. The prominent scaly palpi, long and strong antennae, 

 broad wings, and stout spiny middle and hind legs, are striking and 

 characteristic features of the Nymphalince, no less than the deep groove 

 or channel formed by the dilated inner margins of the hind -wings, 

 and the usually open or imperfectly- closed discoidal cells of both 

 wings. The first pair of legs, though much reduced, is not nearly so 

 atrophied as in the DanaincB or Satyrince (especially in the $), being 

 always easily observable and better developed than in the Acrceincc. 

 The wings are densely scaled in almost all the genera, and no instance 

 of a transparent-winged species is known. 



It is to the Nymphalince, numbering nearly two thousand species, 

 or almost as many as all the rest of the Nymphalidoi put together. 



