NYMPHALINJE. 199 



being on tliird median nervule at a little distance from its origin. 

 Hind-iuings : broad, often somewhat prolonged in anal-angular portion ; 

 costa moderately or very slightly arched, but prominent at base ; hind- 

 margin moderately dentate-sinuate, the dentations on third and first 

 median nervules sometimes projecting more than the rest ; anal angle 

 well-marked ; inner- margins meeting to form a deep complete groove 

 to a little distance beyond end of abdomen, but thence moderately 

 emarginate and divergent ; costal nervure extending to apex ; discoidal 

 cell very short, the closing lower disco-cellular nervule long, oblique, 

 very attenuated, joining median nervure at origin of its second ner- 

 vule ; internal nervure extending to end of inner-marginal groove. 

 Fore-legs of ^ conspicuous, brush-like, very densely clothed and fringed 

 with hair (especially on tibia and tarsus) ; of $ similar, but the tarsus 

 with distinct articulations, slightly spinose beneath, and hairy, chiefly 

 on the basal portion. Middle and hind legs rather long and stout, 

 scaly; tibiae beneath with a lateral row of strong spines externally, 

 and two rows internally, the terminal spurs long and rigid ; tarsi very 

 spinose laterally and beneath ; terminal claws stout and curved. 



Abdomen short, but rather thick. 



Larva. — Elongate, with numerous rigid spines set with bristles ; 

 head and segment next it without spines. 



Pupa. — Moderately stout, angulated, tuberculated on back of 

 abdomen ; head rather bluntly bifid ; ornamented with gilded sj)ots 

 and spaces. 



Pyramcis is very closely allied to Vanessa, Fab., and by many 

 authors is not separated from the latter genus. The species compos- 

 ing it are, however, of a less robust structure ; their wings (especially 

 the hind-wings) are very much less angulated ; their palpi not nearly 

 so hairy (particularly as regards the terminal joint) ; and the colour- 

 ing and pattern of both surfaces of their wings, prevailing without 

 great modification throughout the group, are altogether different from 

 those exhibited by Vanessa. The two sections so well represented by 

 such familiar butterflies as the " Painted Lady " (P. Cardtci) and 

 the " Red Admiral " (P. Atalanta) do not materially differ in mark- 

 ings, their very different aspect being found on close comparison to be 

 owing entirely to the predominance of the black basally in Atcdanta, 

 and of the red basally in Cardui. The under side in Fyrameis is of 

 remarkable beauty, and quite unlike that of Vanessa, being greatly 

 variegated, marked with subraarginal ocelli, and usually intersected by 

 whitish nervures in the hind-wings. 



The distribution of the thirteen or fourteen species may be said to 

 include the whole globe, except the extremes of North and South, and 

 a broad equatorial belt in South America ; but the only representative 

 in South Africa is P. Cardui, the most widely-ranging and generally- 

 distributed of all butterflies. The force of the genus is strikingly 

 illustrated by its prevalence in oceanic islands and the farthest extremi- 



