Nl^MPHALm/E. 203 



separated as distinct the very closely allied form inhabiting those countries 

 under the name of P. Kersliawii. This form chiefly differs from ordinary 

 Cardui in having three or four of the discal black spots on the upper side of 

 the hind-wings centred with blue ; it is also smaller and darker on the under 

 side. 



I have not traced tlie extreme northern range of P. Cardui ; but Herrich- 

 Schaeffer mentions Lapland as one of its European localities, and Doubleday 

 (who noticed the butterfly by " tens of thousands " in the United States) gives 

 Hudson's Bay in North America. Regarding the Australian P. Kershaicii as 

 distinct, the Cape of Good Hope is Cardui' s southern limit. Eastward and 

 westward the butterfly appears to encircle the globe, being as much at home in 

 California as in Algeria, Eastern Asia, and the Sandwich Islands. 



Instead, then, of giving the customary list of " localities," it will be suffi- 

 cient to note that Pyrameis Cardui inhabits all the world except the Arctic 

 and Antarctic Regions, South America proper, Australia, and New Zealand, 

 and that it is not only to be found, but is usually numerous, in every part of 

 South Africa. 



Genus EUREMA. 



Eurema, E. Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 192 (1848). 

 Hypanartia, Hiibn., Samml. Exot. Schmett., vol. i. index (? 1806). 

 Pyrameis (part), Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i, p. 1 17-1 18 (1862). 



Imago, — Differs but little from Pyrameis, Hiibn. Antennce longer ; 

 palpi more ascendant, not convergent at tips, with terminal joint shorter 

 and blunter. Fore-wings with longer costal nervure, and (usually) 

 longer middle disco-cellular nervule. Hind-ivings with the projection 

 on hind-margin at extremity of third median nervule very marked, 

 forming a shorter or longer " tail ; '* the projection at extremity of first 

 median also usually marked, though less so than the other ; rarely a 

 third sharp projection at extremity of second median ; anal angle more 

 oi" less prominent. 



Larva. — As in Pyrameis, but thicker (E. JIippo77icne, Hiibn., drawn 

 by Mrs. Barber). 



Pupa. — More angulated than in Pyrameis, resembling that of 

 Vanessa lo and V. polychloros ; head deeply bifid, the projections very 

 acute ; marginal prothoracic ridge with two acute projections ; tubercles 

 of two latero-dorsal rows on abdomen elongated into short, acute, broad- 

 based spines, inclining anteriorly {P. Hippomene, Hiibn. ; specimen 

 received from Mrs. Barber). 



The butterflies referred to Eurema are barely separable from Pyra- 

 meis, and Doubleday has himself (loc. cit.) recorded how very closely 

 they are allied to the Oriental genus Laogona. Out of eleven recorded 

 species, seven are American, and the remainder are confined to the 

 Ethiopian Region. The two South- African species are in pattern and 

 marking very like the Atalanta section of Pyrameis, but they are 

 smaller insects, and the bands are ochre-yellow instead of scarlet or 

 fulvous-red. The tailed hind-wings, however, give them a peculiar 



