CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PACE 



Preface .......... vii 



Contents . . xi 



List of Plates . xiii 



List of Line-Drawings . xiv 



Introduction by Prof. J. Arthur Thomson, M.A., LL.D. xv 



I. Animal Associations and their Characteristics . i 

 The Study of Ecology defined, i. Animal Associations, 3. The 

 Terrestrial Habitat, 7. The Aerial Habitat, 8. Considerations 

 regarding the Ecological Study of the Shore, 11. Littoral 

 Area in relation to Evolution, 15. 



IL PHYSlnGRAPHY OF THE SEA-SHORE ..... 20 

 The Sea-shore defined, 20. Sea-water, 21. Composition of 

 Sea-water, 21. Vegetation and Alkalinity of Sea-water, 24. 

 Light, 25. Temperature, 25. Effects of Ice, 26. The Tides, 27. 

 Circulation of British Waters, 31. Wave Action, 32. Chief 

 Subdivisions of the Littoral Area, 35. 



in. The Shore and its Plant and Animal Associ.\tions . 40 

 Transitional Character of Sea-shore, 40. Algal Associations, 41. 

 Numbers of Shore Population, 47. Animal Associations of a 

 Rocky Shore, 48. Zoning, 50. Sandy Shore Associations, 51. 

 Jetsam Association, 53. Effect of Currents on Dispersal of 

 Shore Forms, 53. Introduction of New Forms, 54. Ecological 

 Succession, 56. 



IV. Special Problems of Shore Life 60 



Problem of the Tides, 60. Importance of Rock Pools and of 

 Algse, 61. Methods of resisting Desiccation, 63. Methods of 

 resisting Drowning employed by Air-breathers, 65. Problem 

 of Wave-impact, 65. Problem presentedby Variability of Coastal 

 Water, 75. Effects of Varying Salinity, 79. Retrospect, 84. 



V. Some Methods of Attack and Defence among Shore 



Animals 85 



Intensity of Shore Struggle, 85. Devices to secure unimpeded 

 Growth' or Movement, 86. Tactics of the Shore Struggle, 91. 

 Masking, 91. Hiding, 93. Hypnosis, 93. Protective Resem- 

 blance, 94. Warning Coloration, 98. Mimicry, 100. Protective 

 Armour, 100. Weapons, 105. Reciprocal Adaptations on the 

 Part of Foes, no. Retrospect, 113. 



VI. Autotomy and Regeneration in Shore Animals . 115 



Autotomy and Regeneration in General, 115. In Decapod 

 Crustacea, 118. In Echinoderms, 124. Miscellaneous cases of 

 Autotomy, 129. Retrospect, 129. 



