156 Miscellaneous. 



channel from the development of the intermediate papilla? of this 

 same segment, and the bristles serving to sting or to perforate pro- 

 ceed from the two papillse of the antepenultimate. As the parts of 

 the ovipositor in Locusta have the same origin, we ought to consider 

 them homologous with the parts of the sting of the Hymenoptera ; 

 and the upper sheaths of the grasshopper consequently correspond 

 to the sheaths of the sting, the lower ones to the piercing- setae, and 

 the annexed sheaths to the channel. 



" The segments take part in the formation of the sting only inas- 

 much as the chitinous bands forming in the parts of the sting are 

 attached to them and partly soldered to them. Some particular 

 points of the surface of the segment also present a stronger deposit 

 of chitine, and thus attach themselves to parts of the sting ; this is 

 the case with the flattened plates and the angle ( Winkel) of the 

 Hymenoptera, as well as with some of the pieces which occur at the 

 base of the ovipositor in Locusta, and which have not yet received a 

 name. 



" The sting is distinguished in a remarkable manner from the ovi- 

 positor of the grasshoppers by the number as well as by the attach- 

 ment of the muscles which move these apparatus. 



" In Apis &c. these last are fixed only on the anterior part of the 

 sting, which is inserted into the body; while in Locusta they 

 penetrate also into the pieces of the ovipositor. However, the dif- 

 ferences arise above all from the dimensions, the forms, and the ad- 

 herences of homologous parts, and particularly from the different 

 relations which the sheaths of the sting and the upper sheaths in 

 Locusta bear to the other parts. The setae of the Hymenoptera and 

 the lower sheaths of Locusta present very different forms ; the former 

 have only one groove, the latter have two. The appendages which 

 in the Hymenoptera form the channel, undergo in Locusta an 

 arrest of development. 



" The cheliform and foliaceous appendages which constitute the 

 external copulatory organs of the males of the bees and Ichneumonidae, 

 as well as the two styliform appendages of the anal piece of the 

 penultimate segment in the males of the grasshoppers, originate from 

 two papillae situated on the penultimate segment. 



" Embryogeny therefore teaches us that the parts of the sting 

 and of the ovipositor represent appendicular organs. It only re- 

 mains to inquire if we ought to regard the four appendages of the 

 penultimate segment as representing two pairs of members, or as two 

 members having undergone a longitudinal division. This latter in- 

 terpretation is preferable, since each group of two appendages arises 

 from one disk only, which proves its unity. However, to decide 

 this question with certainty, we must have more numerous observa- 

 tions than we possess up to the present time on tho formation of the 

 appendages of articulated animals." — Zeitschr. filr xviss. Zool. Band 

 xxv. 1875, pp. 174-200 ; Bibl. Univ. April 15, 1875, Arch, des Sri. 

 p. 343. 



