364 DR MURRAY ON THE DEEP AND SHALLOW-WATER MARINE FAUNA 



* Chalaraspis alata, Suhm. 

 Eucopia australis,^ Dana. 

 Gnatliophausia - gigfts,^ Suhm. 

 Pseudomma ■* sarsii, Suhm. 



Macruea : 



*Glyphocra7igon '' podager, Bate. 

 *Hymenodora '' diqjlex, Bate. 



„ mollicutis, Bate. 



* Nematocarcinus'' lanceopes, Bate. 



,, ^jro.xrrtia^i^s, Bate. 



*Petalidium foliaccum, Bate. 



■ This Scliizopod [Eucopia australis] would appear, on the whole, to be a true deep-sea form, ranging, as it does, 

 from a depth of 1000 to 1975 fathoms. It is worthy of remark, however, that the specimen described by Dana was 

 taken from the stomach of a penguin ; and, as it cannot be reasonably assumed that any air-breathing animal can 

 descend to the enormous depths stated above, the said form may also be considered as occasionally occurring at a less 

 considerable de))th. It would seem, too, that this view is in part corroborated by the statement of the late Dr v. 

 Willemoes-Sdhm, who says that in the Atlantic this species is met with at depths ranging from 350 to 2500 fathoms. 

 The late Dr v. Willemoes-Suhm observes concerning this form that "it is the commonest Scliizopod of the deep-sea 

 fauna, and seems to enjoy a very wide bathymetrical and geographical distribution." Indeed its geographical range 

 is quite astounding, for it is met with not only throughout the great depths of the Atlantic, but also in the Antarctic 

 Ocean, the Australian seas, and even in the Pacific, as far north as Japan. — (Saes, Zool. Ghall. Exp., part 37, p. 62.) 



- All the species belonging to the genus Gnathophmisia seem to be well-marked deep-sea forms. The least depth 

 from which specimens have been obtained is 250 fathoms, and the greatest 2200 fathoms. Gnathophaiisia has never 

 been taken at the surface of the sea ; it may therefore certainly be assumed that these Crustacea, notwithstanding their 

 strongly developed natatory organs, never leave the deeper strata of the sea, and that in all probability they have their 

 habitat on the sea-bottom itself. . . . The genus seems to exhibit a very extensive geographical distriljution, being 

 most probably represented throughout the greater part of the ocean, excepting perhaps the Arctic and Antarctic regions. 

 Thus, species of this genus have been recorded both from the North and South Atlantic, from the Pacific, and from the 

 seas of the Indian Archipelago. The genus may even be reckoned among the European fauna, one of its species having 

 been found by the French expedition in the Bay of Biscay. — (Sars, Zool. Ckall. Exp., part 37, p. 29.) 



^ Exclusive of the specimen of Gruathophnusia <jigas taken in the North Atlantic, west of the Azores, I also 

 found among the material placed in my hands for examination the recently moulted skin of the outer part of the tail 

 of another specimen, apparently belonging to the same species, brought up in the Southern Ocean, between Kerguelen 

 and Australia. Hence the species seems to exhibit a rather extensive geographical distribution, its occurrence in both 

 hemispheres having been ascertained. — (S.\rs, Zool. Chall. Exp., part 37, p. 35.) 



^ Of this genus [^I'seudommii] three northern species have been recorded ; two .additional species were met with on 

 the Challenger Expedition, both in the southern hemisphere. — (Sars, Zool. Chall. Exp., part 37, pp. 188-9.) 



^ The various forms of this genus [Glyphocrani/on] can scarcely be considered as being more than varieties of one 

 great type ; the specific differences being little else than a greater or less exaggeration of features common to them all. 

 — (Spence Bate, Zool. Cludl. Exp., part 52, p. 507.) 



" The species of this genus [Hymenodorci], like most of the family, are from deep water ; only two specimens of 

 one species being taken at a less depth than 2 miles. They are mostly found in mid ocean, on a bottom of mud or 

 ooze : in the Atlantic beneath the equator and .as far south as Tristan, and in the Indian Ocean as far south as 

 Kerguelen. Buchholz's specimen was taken at the surface near the pack ice in lat 78° N. ... In the most typical 

 forms the eyes have almost entirely lost their pigment ; in some species it is reduced to a brown colour, and in a few it 

 is black, as if the degree of pigmentation was dependent upon variation in depth and degree of light. — (Spence Bate, 

 Zool. Ghall. Exp., part 52, p. 841.) 



' I am inclined to believe that the animals [of the genus Nematocarcinus] live at an average depth of between 300 

 and 500 fathoms in mid-water.— (Spence Bate, Zool. Chall. Exp., ])art 52, p. 801.) 



