27 

 Methods of population estimation conducted in the wild 

 should be limited to select, dense populations in the North Fork 

 of the Clearwater and St. Joe River drainages in Idaho and along 

 the Kootenai River drainage in Montana. 

 Effects of timber harvest 



Studies of the effects of timber harvest on amphibians in 

 the states of Washington, Oregon and California indicate that 

 some species of salamanders are associated with older forests and 

 are absent or less abundant in logged areas (Bury 1983, Bury and 

 Corn 1988a, Herrington and Larsen 1985, Raphael 1988, Welsh 1990, 

 Bury et al. 1991b). Some species, such as the Olympic salamander 

 ( Rhvacotriton olympicus ) probably cannot persist in clear-cut 

 areas and must recolonize from adjacent forested sites (Bury and 

 Corn 1988b) . The primary immediate habitat changes associated 

 with logging that affect amphibians associated with streams 

 appear to be: changes in water temperature, increased 

 sedimentation, changes in invertebrate populations (Bury and Corn 

 1988b) and alterations in stream flow and water table. The 

 degree to which these affect amphibian populations varies with 

 stream gradient, geomorphology, climate and the adaptability of 

 the species or population (Hall et al. 1978, Murphy et al. 1981, 

 Good et al. 1987) . 



Groves (1988) noted that some populations of Coeur d'Alene 

 salamanders appeared to persist after logging activity, at least 

 in the first few years following harvest activities. Different 

 types of populations (seeps, streams and falls) may differ in 



