248 
Mr. C. Lapworth on the Geological 
same direction. In Scandinavia, where the strata are so 
uniformly fossiliferous, and, at the same time, are so little dis¬ 
turbed that the physical and palasontological succession is 
unequivocal, it was clear, from the researches of Kjerulf and 
Angelin, that the widespreading Orthoceratite Limestone of 
that country was both underlain and overlain by a mass of 
Graptolite-schist. Enough was known of the fossils of this 
limestone to enable Murchison to parallel it confidently with 
his Llandeilo beds. The Graptolite-schists below the lime¬ 
stone yielded the Phyllograpti and Didymograpti of the Welsh 
Llandeilos ; those a little above it as distinctly furnished 
many of the most characteristic species of the Moffat series, 
especially of the genera Diplograptus and Monograptus ; while 
above this horizon Graptolites were absent. Thus not only 
did these Scandinavian beds afford additional proof of the 
general restriction of Graptolites to the Llandeilo period, but 
they appeared also to furnish a satisfactory demonstration of 
the correctness of Murchison’s reference of the Moffat rocks 
to the Llandeilo of Wales, in which their most characteristic 
forms are wanting. 
The strict propriety of these deductions appeared to be fully 
borne out by the investigations which followed. Professor 
Harkness and Sir Roderick Murchison, after concluding their 
investigations of the Graptolitiferous Skiddaw Slates (Lower 
Llandeilo &c. of Murchison), made the discovery that the 
Coniston Limestone of the same area of the Lake district was 
immediately surmounted by a group of highly fossiliferous 
Graptolitic shales (the Coniston Mudstones). The Coniston 
Limestone itself had long been universally recognized as the 
representative of the Bala or Caradoc Limestone of Wales ; 
and the natural conclusion at which their discoverers arrived 
was that these Coniston Mudstones must also be of Caradoc 
age. A careful study of their Graptolites, subsequently made 
by Prof. Nicholson, made it clear that, paleontologically, 
these beds were closely allied to the Moffat series of South 
Scotland. At least half the Scotch forms were missing from 
the Coniston beds; but this was accounted for by the sup¬ 
posed difference in date between the two deposits, the missing 
forms having become extinct in Britain during the period 
which intervened between the Upper Llandeilo and the Upper 
Caradoc. 
Nor did the discoveries in Bohemia, Thuringia, and on the 
continent of America appear to militate against these conclu¬ 
sions. Barrande had already shown that the strata constitu¬ 
ting the basal zone (E e 1) of his Upper Division was crowded 
with Graptolites ; but he also admitted, at the same time, that 
