Monkeys found in Italy. 165 



Eleplias antiquus and Hippopotamus major. We have already 

 cited it among the Mammalia of the brick-earths of the valley 

 of the Thames. In another cave it also occurs side by side 

 with nearly all the species characteristic of the Pleistocene 

 jjeriod in England, and especially with R. tichorhinus (Boyd 

 Dawkins, /. c. p. 225). Finally, in a particular case, at Peck- 

 liam, the remains of R. tichorhmus have been found in a peat- 

 bed below the bed of clay which contained R. hemitoechus. 



4. Elephasvieri'dionalis occurs in England in the forest-bed, 

 but does not appear to have in that country survived the 

 glacial epoch*. In Lombardy it has been found in abundance 

 in the lacustrine basin of Gandino, which M. Stoppani main- 

 tains to be of glacial origin f, and the fauna of which is known 

 to us by the work of M. Balsamo Crivelli, and especially of 

 M. Cornaliat. 



I might further name the Hippopotamus major, which is 

 cited in the Pliocene fauna of the Val d'Arno, and which 

 everywhere else occurs in indubitably quaternary deposits ; 

 but it seems to me that the identity of the species of the Val 

 d'Arno with that which occurs so abundantly in the alluvia of 

 rivers and in caves has not yet been satisfactorily demonstrated. 

 Most of tlie other species buried in the rich ossuary of the Val 

 d'Arno likewise require to be carefully studied. 



Nevertheless the few examples which I have just cited 

 appear to me to demonstrate satisfactorily that the proofs (if 

 there are any) in support of the assertion that the beds in which 

 these Mammalia occur belong to the Pliocene must be sought 

 in the Val d'Arno itself; we must not, as has been done, 

 call in the testimony of their places of deposition in other 

 countries ; for, as we have just seen, these furnish no evidence. 



I will, however except a single species among those which 

 are well-determined and called Pliocene of the Val d'Arno, 

 namely Mastodon arvernensis. For France we have the tes- 

 timony of two highly esteemed authorities, Lartet§ and M. 

 Gervaisll, that Mastodon arvernensis did not coexist with 

 Elephas meridionalis (as had generally been supposed), but that 

 the latter always occurs in more recent deposits. Moreover, 



* Nevertheless M. Gaiidry, in his ' Considerations generales sur les 

 animaux fossiles de Pikermi,' 1866, p. 38, cites Elephas ineridionalis as 

 occurring in the quaternary deposits of the valley of the Thames. 



t A. Stoppani, ' Note ad mi Corso annuale dl Geologia,' 1867, part ii. 

 p. 210. 



X E. Corualia, ' Sull' Elefante trovato nella Lignite di Leffe,' Milan, 

 1865. Also " Mammiferes fossiles de Lombardi," Milan, 1858-71, in the 

 * Paleontologie Lombarde ' of A. Stoppani, 2® serie. 



§ Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 2« s^r. torn. xvi. 1859, p. 494. 



II Zool. et Pal^ont. Fran9. 



