Nature o/'Haliphysema Tuinanowiczii. 69 



Mr. Norman at the same time draws up a proposed revision 

 of the nomenclature and characteristics of the several species 

 apparently agreeing structurally with Haliphysema Tuma- 

 noioiczu, in which he declares this form, together with the 

 Haliphysema primordiale^ Gastrophysema dithalamium, and 

 O. scopula of Prof. Haeckel, to be mere variations of one and 

 the same type. _ Premising that Prof. Haeckel's assertions 

 concerning the lining of the body-cavity of this species with 

 flagellate cells (my own and H. James-Clark's collar-bearing 

 monads) shall be substantiated, Mr. Norman has no hesitation 

 in retaining the genus Haliphysema^ as originally proposed by 

 Dr. Bowerbank, among the sponges. Mr, Carter's negative 

 characters of the polythalamous nature of the internal cavity 

 and the extrusion of pseudopodic processes from the cut and 

 mutilated edges only of the divided organism, he agrees with 

 myself to be too slender a foundation, in face of the positive 

 evidence, if substantiated, of the flagellate cells as represented 

 by Haeckel, upon which to further entertain its affinity with 

 the Foraminifera. Unfortunately, Mr, Norman has no further 

 testimony to submit concerning the ultimate internal structure, 

 as exhibited in the living state, of either this or any other 

 of the several allied types included in his revision of the 

 genus Haliphysema^ but which, as already intimated by Mere- 

 schkowsky, at the conclusion of his description of a new 

 sponge (?), Wagnerella, in the 'Annals' for January 1878, 

 is absolutely requisite for the correct and decisive determina- 

 tion of its true relationship. 



Since taking up my residence in the Channel Islands a 

 chief object of my ambition has been the discovery and 

 examination in the living state of some member or another 

 of this anomalous genus Haliphysema. The extraordinary 

 wealth of both the sponge and foraminiferal fauna of this 

 coast-line seemed to yield promise of a successful issue to a 

 continued search, and more especially since one species, the 

 H. ramulosum^ was originally obtained by Mr. Norman from 

 the neighbourhood of Guernsey. My aspirations in this 

 direction have at length been rewarded. On the 18th of 

 April last I was fortunate enough to find Haliphysema Tuma- 

 nowiczii in tolerable abundance on the fronds and root-stalk 

 of Maugeria sanginnea, and was thus enabled in the course 

 of a few days to completely satisfy myself as to the nature 

 of this type. Previous, however, to entering into a detailed 

 report of this recent examination of living specimens, a short 

 space must be devoted to an account of the results of a still 

 earlier personal acquaintance made with this same form in a 

 preserved and dried condition. Some few years since, when 



