displacement. There have been more occasions than I care to re- 

 call, with any degree of pleasure, when all efforts were expended 

 in protecting life and property during storm conditions rather than 

 executing the primary mission. 



Ocean survey ships will encounter worldwide the gamut of 

 sea conditions -- typhoons, hurricanes, short period anticyclonic 

 storms, dangerous tide rips, and violent cross seas. They should 

 be designed to keep at sea with a margin for all contingencies. 

 They should have stabilization since excessive rolling interferes 

 with acceptable depth recording, with handling oceanographic 

 instruments, with winch operation, and with geophysical measure- 

 ments. Further, due to inadequacies in seakeeping qualities and 

 laboratory space, it has been the tradition to collect less accessible 

 oceanographic data only during "good weather. " 



As the data of oceanography have accumulated and our know- 

 ledge of our deficiencies of knowledge becomes more apparent, we 

 now know that seasonal variations occur. In some places signifi- 

 cant mixing and transport phenomena may be restricted only to 

 "bad weather. " Surveys, therefore, must be nnade in bad weather 

 if we are to understand our oceans. Some new ideas and new 

 approaches are obviously required as the existing techniques are 

 up against the "stops" as far as utilization is concerned. 



Larger ships provide for adequate quarters for the author- 

 ized complement, for scientists and technicians, for trainees, and 

 for visiting staffs. Laboratories, towed magnetometer space, 

 deck space for winches, refrigeration space for specimens, and 

 adequate storage space for long cruises, all, dictate for the larger 

 ship and against the time-honored practice of using conversions, 

 and makeshift craft of all descriptions. 



We have not scratched the surface in the development of 

 instrumentation for all the tasks confronting the oceanographic 

 survey and research ships. The cost of these ships today is 

 mounting steadily. A 3, 000-ton ship can cost $3, 000 a day to oper- 

 ate at sea. One approach to reducing the unit cost of obtaining 

 data is through improvement in instrumentation which will result 

 in obtaining more data in less time and with greater accuracy. 



I think I have a couple of minutes left. I haven't made any 

 conclusion, I found, after reading this, as to what a ship would 



22 



