2. Ranging Systems 



a. Shoran (Short-range 

 navigation) 



Range: Generally restricted 

 to approximately line-of- 

 sight distances . 



Accuracy: 30 to 50 ft. in 40 

 nautical miles. 



b. LAMBDA (Decca 

 Navigator, Ltd., 

 England) 



Range: 250 nautical miles 

 Accuracy: 100 to 400 ft. 



depending on which end of 

 the range is being used. 



MR. R. B. PRIEST (Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corpora- 

 tion): How much use has been made of television in oceanography? 

 What results have been obtained as to range of view and depth of 

 operation with artificial light and with natural ambient light? 



MR. J. M. CROSSEN (BCF): Underwater television has been use- 

 ful in making oceanographic observations since 1948. However, 

 reduced size and ease in maintenance due to more sensitive canneras, 

 transistorized and modularized construction, and logging cable 

 which incorporates electrical conductors and strength capabilities 

 have resulted in increasingly wider utilization of television. 



Television has been used successfully for many applications, 

 such as: 



1. Searching the ocean floor for sunken vessels, aircraft, 

 transoceanic cables, and ordnance equipment. Generally, 

 this type of operation requires the use of a remote-controlled 

 trolled vehicle. 



2. Bottom surveys of sediments and studies of the demersal 

 fauna. In this application the camera is set in a stand and 

 lowered just off or on the sea floor. 



3. Studying the behavior of fish in their natural environment 

 as well as within trawls, traps, and dredges. 



4. Observations of individual animals in and out of deep 

 scattering layers in conjunction with sonar. 



5. Within submarines as an aid to navigation and for obser- 

 ing certain operations. 



6. Water temperatures, current flow, internal wave motion, 

 and other oceanographic data have been directly monitored 

 on a continuous basis. 



248 



