of oceanic environments. More devices of this kind are urgently- 

 needed. Similarly, there exists a need for deep ocean devices which 

 will enable the biologist to study the physiological behavior of large 

 animals in situ in view of the impossibility of bringing large, deep 

 ocean dwelling animals to the surface in suitable condition for study. 



Finally, there is a need for recognizing the important scientific 

 contributions which can be made by limnologists and freshwater bio- 

 logists in improving our knowledge of the oceans. Many of the scien- 

 tists currently engaged in oceanic research were originally trained 

 in departments of limnology and at freshwater laboratories. Lakes 

 and ponds can be useful research models for investigating biological 

 phenomena which are closely analogous to biological conditions in 

 the oceans. Additional research facilities and scientific equipment 

 which might be made available for limnological research could bear 

 handsome dividends in improving our knowledge of the oceans. 



In conclusion, we would wish to emphasize that there is an ur- 

 gent need for improved instrumentation for marine biological re- 

 search, but we feel that before we consider improving the current 

 instruments it is necessary that we evolve new concepts of instru- 

 mentation. Therefore, we would want to ask ourselves the question: 

 Are we content to continue to improve equipment which operates on 

 proceeding at a few knots at the most? Are we content to instrument 

 only specially designed research ships or are we prepared to proceed 

 toward the development of radically new sampling and measuring de- 

 vices that can operate at high speeds from a ship of opportunity? We 

 are of the opinion that the latter is a direction which we must serious- 

 ly consider. 



MR. TED SMITH (Packard Bell Computer): 1. Of the 20-odd trans- 

 ducer types mentioned for survey vessels, indicate the number which 

 provide output in the following ranges: to 10 v. d. c. , to 1 v. d. c. , 

 OtolOmv.d.c, Imv.d.c. orless. 2. What are the normal analog 

 amplifier bandwidths necessary for transducer amplification? 3. Are 

 differential inputs to the amplifiers needed? What is the common nnode 

 frequency and what CMR is necessary? (See also page 225.) 



MR. G. JAFFE (HO): The answers to Mr. Smith's questions ar-e of 

 a general nature and are as follows: 1. The output of the transducers 

 will be in a range to 5 volts d. c . or a. c. , maximum. 2. The nor- 

 mal cLnalog amplifier bandwidths are within the range, to 30, 000 

 c.p.s., maximum. 3. There is a possibility that differential inputs 

 to amplifiers might be needed if the signal is to be amplified at the 



260 



