data recorder. The second system uses gyro- 

 compass or remote reading magnetic compass 

 (Magnesyn) heading and flowmeter speed (or 

 odometer distance) through the water to ob- 

 tain a manual navigational track. A third 

 system utilizes the laterally-trainable Straza 

 Model 500 CTFM sonar mounted on the sail 

 which transmits and receives sonar signals 

 and generates both audio and visual outputs 

 in the pressure hull and, in addition, provides 

 a cathode ray tube with digital readout of 

 range to a target. Using fixed bottom objects 

 as landmarks or range and bearing of 

 transponders placed on the sea floor, DEEP 

 QVEST can employ the CTFM to obtain a plot 

 of its progress relative to them. By using a 

 down-looking depth sounder/strip chart re- 

 corder and upward-looking depth sounder in 

 conjunction with the CTFM and transponders, 

 accurate post-dive navigational charts may be 

 constructed. 



The DEEP QVEST submersible system is 

 one of the most sophisticated in existence and 

 was designed to accomplish such diverse tasks 

 as research, surveying, engineering, search 

 and retrieval, diver support and rescue. Rela- 

 tive to the shallower diving submersibles, it 

 may appear unduly complex. Undoubtedly, 

 one can do without a great number of DEEP 

 quest's capabilities if the operational tasks 

 are merely for viewing and simple work func- 

 tions. The trade-offs are obvious: The simpler 

 the submersible, the simpler the tasks it may 

 perform. Nonetheless, the basic design and 

 operational aspects outlined above must be 

 confronted and solved by all submersibles to 

 varying degrees; where one or several of these 

 functions have been slighted — and no sub- 

 mersible is without fault — the weakness is 

 apparent. 



A common weakness, undoubtedly the most 

 crucial obstacle to wide-scale submersible em- 

 ployment, resides in the operational concepts. 

 Possibly influenced by independently-operat- 

 ing, self-sufficient military submarines, sub- 

 mersible architects have tended to overlook or 

 underestimate the critical role played by sur- 

 face craft in supporting extended open-sea 

 operations. In the formative years, the many 

 technical problems of deep submergence over- 

 shadowed this surface dependency, but, once 

 they were solved and submersibles routinely 

 dived without crippling malfunctions, inade- 



quacies of surface support came into proper 

 perspective and still plague vehicle owners. 

 Future submersible designers must, if they 

 hope to achieve more effective diving records, 

 be cognizant of the fact that small, maneuver- 

 able, battery-powered vehicles are inextrica- 

 bly bound to their surface support platform 

 for safety, sustenance and operational effi- 

 ciency. 



REFERENCES 



1. King, D. A. 1969 Basic hydrodynamics, in 

 Handbook of Ocean and Underwater 

 Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New 

 York, p. 2-1 thru 2-32. 



2. Warren, W. F. 1961 Seawater Density in 

 the Ocean as a Function of Depth and a 

 Method of Utilizing This Information in 

 the Design of Pressure Vessels Which 

 Will Remain in a Constant Depth Range 

 Between the Surface and Bottom. Naval 

 Ord. Lab. NOLTR 61-179, AD 273634. 



3. McQuaid, R. W. and Brown, C. L. 1972 

 Handbook of Fluids and Lubricants for 

 Deep Ocean Applications. Naval Ship Re- 

 search and Development Lab., Annapolis, 

 Md., Rept. MATLAB 360, 249 pp. 



4. Busby, R. F. 1967 Undersea penetration 

 by ambient light and visibility. Science, 

 v. 158, n. 3805, p. 1178-1180. 



5. Encyclopedia of Oceanography 1966 Ency- 

 clopedia of Earth Science Series, v. 1, 

 edited by R. W. Fairbridge, Reinhold Pub. 

 Corp., New York. 



6. Personal Communication with A. Markel, 

 Reynolds Submarine Services, Inc., 

 Miami, Florida. 



7. Lockheed Missiles and Space Corp. 1967 

 DEEP QUEST Summary Description. 

 LMSC No. 5-13-67-3, Sunnyvale, Califor- 

 nia. 



8. , 1968 Lockheed DEEP QUEST 



Submersible System. LMSC/DO80197, Re- 

 vision B, Sunnyvale, California. 



9. , DEEP QUEST Research Subma^ 



rine. LMSC/D015168 (unpub. manuscript). 



10. , DEEP QUEST-The Versatile 



Submarine. Ocean System Marketing 

 (Sales Brochure), Sunnyvale, California. 



11. Shumaker, L. A. 1972 New Developments 

 in Deep Submersible Operations (unpub. 

 manuscript). 



28 



