1000 



100 



o 

 > 



lU 

 UJ 



cc 



10 



STAR III 

 • • 



ALVIN • 



DSRV 



TRIESTE 



I 



NAVY RECOMMENDATION FOR SHIPS •- 

 FEDERAL PRISON CELL^_ 



VOSTOK 



MERCURY 

 • GEMINI IV 



• • 



DEEP GEMINI V 



OUEST 



I I I I I I I 



NUCLEAR SUBMARINE 



APOLLO 



• GEMINI VII 



COMMERCIAL COFFIN*- 



J I I I I 



1 10 



DURATION - DAYS 



100 



Fig. 9.23 Comparison of operator free volume in various manned systems. [From Ref. (18)] 



more this fact becomes apparent. While most 

 designers take great pains to sustain life, 

 they have made few attempts, beyond pro- 

 viding foam rubber cushions, to make life 

 comfortable. 



Such considerations may seem trivial in 

 view of the fact that the dive may last only 

 for several hours. But, several hours may 

 seem interminable when one is required to 

 spend them in a position such as the ob- 

 server is required to maintain in ASHERAH 

 (Fig. 9.26). It is not difficult to imagine that 

 the human's ability to endure this position 

 will expire far more rapidly than will the 

 electrical or life support endurance. The ad- 

 vent of the acrylic plastic hull and bow dome 

 has gone far to alleviate the problem, but 

 there is still much room for improvement. 



The most reasonable approach to human 

 factors design is through the use of mockups 

 of the pressure hull and its equipment. With 

 mockups the operator and observer can 

 physically test the vehicle to determine its 

 comfort and the accessibility of instruments 

 and controls. One approach is in Figure 9.27, 

 wherein the endostructure of STAR III is 

 shown with seats and a portion of the moni- 

 toring panel. This endostructure was de- 

 signed to be dismantled and later reassem- 

 bled within the pressure hull. The associated 

 panels, equipment, etc., could, therefore, be 

 mounted to simulate the exact physical ar- 

 rangements within the pressure hull. An- 

 other example is shown in Figure 9.28, which 

 is a simulated mockup of the second JOHTS- 

 SON SEA LINK'S acrylic plastic hull. 



450 



