tailed photographing through a forward 

 viewport with a hand-held 70-mm camera 

 (Hasselblad) which was electrically con- 

 nected to an external strobe light. This latter 

 system allowed photographing of both small 

 organisms which clustered near the viewport 

 and of larger features. In other vehicles 

 thru-port photographs have been obtained 

 by using external flood (viewing) lights for 

 illumination in lieu of a strobe light. 



Operation: The stobe is positioned to 

 light the field of view as seen from a particu- 

 lar viewport. The 70-mm cameras, with cor- 

 rected normal angle lenses, are set and cali- 

 brated to take stereophotographs of this field 

 of view on command from a control box. 

 Aperture settings from f/2.8 to f/16 are set 

 prior to installing the cameras in their hous- 

 ings with focus distances available from 18 

 inches to infinity. The shutter is triggered 

 from the control box and the film advances 

 automatically in 1 second. The strobe light 

 (250 W/sec) requires a 3-second cycle time. 

 The number of frames exposed is counted by 

 the control box and any picture can be 

 "fogged" from the control box for later refer- 

 ence. 



Data: (Hydro Products Model 750) 450 

 Stereo pairs. 70 mm B&W or color. 

 Cine or motion pictures have been ob- 



tained through the viewports with 8-mm and 

 16-mm cameras of virtually every make and 

 model using viewing lights for illumination. 

 A brief, but highly informative report on the 

 problems, equipment and techniques in- 

 volved in photography specifically from sub- 

 mersibles is given by DEEPSTAR 4000's ex- 

 pilot R. Church (16). For a broad and detailed 

 description of underwater photography and 

 associated equipment reference (17) is recom- 

 mended. Additionally, Eastman Kodak pub- 

 lished a brochure Bibliography of Underwa- 

 ter Photography and Photogrammetry (Ko- 

 dak pamphlet P-124) which presents 280 ref- 

 erences on this subject published from before 

 1950 through 1968. The Eastman brochure 

 can be obtained from their Department 942, 

 Rochester, New York 14650. 



Compared to the exacting nature of the 

 preceding instruments and the candid eye of 

 the camera, it is quite legitimate to question 

 the need for man. It is not only possible, but 

 a well demonstrated fact that all of these 

 instruments can be packaged and dispatched 

 on the end of a cable to perform as well as 

 they do strapped to a submersible. The scien- 

 tific advocates of submersibles are fre- 

 quently plagued by their engineering associ- 

 ates who question the value of data that has 

 no numbers, calibration curves or range of 

 accuracies. Most frustrating to the natural- 

 ist is the engineer's uncanny ability to best 

 him with electronics in everything but knot 

 tying. To partially justify the human eye 

 undersea Figure 11.15 is presented. This 

 drawing was made by Mr. Andres Pruna, 

 formerly of the U.S. Naval Oceanographic 

 Office, during PC-SB's operations on a cable 

 route survey in the Bahamas. The depths 

 and distances were obtained from instru- 

 ments, but the panoramic view, the perspec- 

 tive and the accompanying descriptions 

 came from the human occupant's ability to 

 see and relate to another human what he 

 observed. Undoubtedly, photographs could 

 have been taken (and many were) to show 

 precisely what artist/biologist Pruna has 

 captured on his sketch pad. But photographs 

 show the letter of the law, the observer 

 captures its spirit, and if we are to truly 

 understand the ocean, then its spirit as well 

 as its anatomy must be understood. 



555 



