during the late 50's and 60's, but not to the 

 extent found in the U.S. Where the Japanese, 

 Russian and French were interested for the 

 most part in fisheries and biology, U.S. inter- 

 ests were more catholic (1). The result of 

 these international efforts was to add an 

 even wider variety of instruments to the 

 research inventory. To gain an appreciation 

 of the widespread nature of these research 

 efforts, the report of Ballard and Emery (1) 

 is recommended and their exhaustive bibli- 

 ography may be consulted for specific de- 

 tails. 



Owing to the diversity of research equip- 

 ment and its one time application, each in- 

 strument will not be described. Instead, a 

 tabulation of instruments applied to re- 

 search within various disciplines will serve 

 as being representative; this is presented in 

 Table 11.3. In the same vein, Figures 11.16 

 through 11.19 are included to present an idea 

 of the instruments developed, versatility of 

 submersibles and the imagination of their 

 users to adapt over-the-side instruments to 

 deep submergence applications. 



In spite of a variety of instruments, the 

 majority of research dives relied primarily 

 on human observation and photographic doc- 

 umentation, and secondarily on the collec- 

 tion of samples. The reasons for this reliance 

 are worth considering. According to Ballard 

 and Emery (1), of 346 scientific articles pub- 

 lished in 1970 concerning submersibles in 

 oceanography, 208 (57%) dealt with biology, 

 fisheries and geology, while the remainder 

 dealt with physical oceanography, acoustics, 

 geophysics and other kinds of missions. Ma- 

 rine geology and biology from submersibles 

 are, by and large, descriptive sciences. It 

 follows that observations and photography 

 are the main investigative techniques. A re- 

 cent example of this dependence on photo/ 

 visual observations is the MUST program's 

 260 dives with eight different submersibles 

 (Sept. 1971-Dec. 1972) where photography 

 and vision were the primary instruments. In 

 addition to the collection of geological sam- 

 ples, one must conclude, therefore, that ex- 

 ploration of the Lewis and Clarke variety — 

 observing and collecting — will play the major 

 part of in situ undersea research for some 

 time to come. 



ENGINEERING/INSPECTION/ 

 SALVAGE INSTRUMENTS 



Within this category are grouped submers- 

 ible tools and instruments used to accom- 

 plish tasks or gather information not related 

 solely to an understanding of the natural 

 environment. 



Basically, engineering/inspection/salvage 

 missions and their most commonly used in- 

 struments and devices can be grouped as 

 follows: 



MISSION 



PHOTOG- MAINIPII. LIFT CABLE WATER 



LATORS DEVICE CUTTERS JET 



RAPHY 



Inspection 

 Salvage 



X X 

 X 



Excavation X 



Hardware 



Adjustment X 



Observation X X 

 Rescue X 



Artifact 



Mapping \ \ 



X 



As with research instruments, none of the 

 above is necessarily standard; each was de- 

 veloped or purchased to perform a particular 

 task. The critical "instrument," however, is 

 the human and his ability to assess the situ- 

 ation in situ and employ the vehicle to ac- 

 commodate prevailing and changing circum- 

 stances. There are few, if any, precedents to 

 follow in underwater work of this nature. 

 Consequently, the successful mission is a 

 reflection of the imagination and ingenuity 

 of the personnel. A description of the tools 

 and techniques employed in several of these 

 tasks will serve to demonstrate this point. 



Ordnance Retrieval (Ref. 41) 



The submersibles PISCES I and /// were 

 contracted by the U.S. Navy in 1969-70 to 

 recover practice torpedoes from a 1,360-foot- 

 deep test range in Howe Sound, British Co- 

 lumbia. A 47-kHz pinger allowed range au- 

 thorities to track the torpedo to the bottom. 

 With a hydrophone attached to its manipula- 

 tor in the vertical upward position, PISCES 

 used the same pinger for "homing in" on the 

 torpedo. PISCES usually clamped smaller 

 (less than 200-lb) torpedoes with its arm and 



557 



