tions (never formally published) cover var- 

 ious standard equipment a member-submers- 

 ible should carry and techniques employed in 

 a rescue situation. The plan, however, ran 

 into some difficulty regarding indemnifica- 

 tion and liability of the rescuer, and has 

 languished since its inception in 1967. 



INSURANCE 



According to the Marine Technology Soci- 

 ety's Guidelines (10), the owner or operator 

 of a submersible is required by law to carry 

 insurance covering employees engaged in 

 the operation of a submersible and the sup- 

 port ship. This coverage is required for any 

 employee subject to: 



1. U.S. Longshoreman's and Harbor 

 Worker's Compensation Act, U.S. Code (1946) 

 Title 33, Section 901-49 or, 



2. U.S. Longshoreman's and Harbor 

 Worker's Compensation Act as extended by 

 act of August 7, 1953 (Public Law 212, 83rd 

 Congress, the Outer Continental Shelf) or, 



3. The Defense Bases Act, U.S. Code (1946) 

 Title 42, Section 1614-54 (Public Law 208, 

 77th Congress as amended) and the provi- 

 sions applicable thereto under the Long- 

 shoreman's and Harbor Worker's Compensa- 

 tion Act, U.S. Code (1946) Title 33, Section 

 901-49. 



The owner/operator should carry Bodily 

 Injury Liability and Property Damage Lia- 

 bility in sufficient amount to provide the 

 necessary protection in the event of an acci- 

 dent. 



Additionally, the owner/operator should 

 carry all Risk Marine Insurance to cover 

 accidental damage and/or loss to the sub- 

 mersible. 



Insurance coverage for total loss of the 

 vehicle, though desirable, is not always ob- 

 tained. Companies such as Perry Submarine 

 Builders are self-assuring because the cost of 

 total (hull) coverage would put them out of 

 the competitive market. 



Legal requirements for submersibles of 

 other nations appear to be essentially the 

 same as in the U.S.; requirements are up to 

 the user. Canadian private submersibles 

 generally seek to attain ABS certification. 

 The Canadian Armed Forces vehicle (SDL-1) 

 has received such and operates under its 



own set of requirements similar to its U.S. 

 Naval counterparts. 



According to Dr. Tadayoshi Sasaki (12), 

 when design work began on YOMIURI con- 

 cern was expressed to the Japanese Ministry 

 of Transportation regarding the lack of rules 

 and regulations ensuring safety of civilian 

 submersibles. As a result, in September 1963, 

 the Inspection and Technical Standards for 

 Submarine Boats were established as a part 

 of the Safety Law for Ships (Senpako Anzen 

 Ho) and YOMIURI was designed and con- 

 structed in accordance with this law. Sasaki 

 further stated that this law was partly 

 amended in September 1966 and is in force 

 today (1970). 



On the other hand. Dr. Tamio Ashino (13), 

 of Japan Ship's Machinery Development As- 

 sociation, defines these regulations as provi- 

 sional and only deal with the structures, 

 facilities, and methods for inspection of sub- 

 mersibles. There are no operator's qualifica- 

 tions, but it is necessary to get the approval 

 of the Ministry of Transportation's Seamen 

 Bureau based upon their Section 20, The 

 Regulation for Crews of Ships. Dr. Ashino 

 further relates that there is no present pro- 

 cedure for reporting submersible operations, 

 but one will be established when the Japa- 

 nese Maritime Agency attains a rescue capa- 

 bility. 



In the United Kingdom, Lloyds Register of 

 Shipping has drawn up a set of rules and 

 regulations for the construction and opera- 

 tion of submersibles. These regulations are 

 for insurance purposes (K. R. Haigh, Admi- 

 ralty Experimental Diving Unit, personal 

 communication) and serve the same purpose 

 as ABS classification. 



Similar insurance inspection guidelines 

 were written by Germanischer Lloyd, Ham- 

 burg, in 1971 and are entitled Regulations 

 for the Classification and Construction of 

 Submersibles . 



Mr. James Dawson (14) presents an excel- 

 lent, if not the only, account of submersible 

 insurance from an underwriter's viewpoint. 

 Dawson states, "/t is virtually a prerequi- 

 site to buying insurance to have certifica- 

 tion from a classification society already 

 approved by the underwriters . . . then in 

 all probability (the underwriter will) re- 

 quire an expert consultant's report and 



648 



