€0 Psyche [June 



The minute, elliptical shaped eggs are laid on the under sides of 

 young leaves near the margins, from 25 to 200 having been found 

 in a single, elongated, irregular cluster. The leaves containing 

 eggs were always found to be rolled in tightly and downwardly 

 toward the midrib. The nymphs feed within the curled leaves and 

 during the summer all stages of the insect can be found at the same 

 time upon the same tree showing that egg deposition evidently 

 extends over several weeks. The nymphs are covered over with 

 white, waxy masses excreted from their bodies. Inside of a curled 

 leaf can also be found globules of honey dew covered over with a 

 waxy material and in many cases colonies of mealy bugs. The 

 last stage nymphs move out of this sticky mess just before the adult 

 is ready to emerge and rest on a drier and cleaner portion of the 

 leaf just beyond the pseudo-gall. 



About the middle of July adults of the first brood are appearing 

 showing that about six weeks are required for a complete life cycle. 

 About the first of September adults of a second brood can be found. 

 These continue to appear for a month or so longer, even as late as 

 November when the trees are in storage, provided the weather is 

 not cold. The cool days during the fall undoubtedly prolong the 

 numphal stages which are active only during warm weather and 

 and this accounts for the delayed time over which the adults appear. 

 These adults remain on the trees during the winter, many of them 

 clustering around the pseudo-galls. On cold days they can be 

 collected without difficulty on account of their dormant condition. 

 On warm days during the winter the temperature of the storage 

 house rises and at that time the adults are active when disturbed. 



While contact insecticides are useful, it is impossible to reach 

 the nymphs in the curled leaves which are protected still further 

 by wax and honey dew. In New Jersey almost complete killing 

 was secured in one case by fumigating with tobacco smoke as for 

 aphids while the trees were in storage and heavenly infested by 

 overwintering adults. Hydrocyanic acid gas has also been used 

 with success (See Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, Vol. II, 

 p. 482). It is the practice of some firms to have their men go over 

 infested trees and pick off all curled infested leaves, but this is a 

 slow process in a large establishment. 



Egg: Length 0.2 mm., greatest width 0.1 mm. Outline oval 

 with distal end acutely pointed, rounded at basal end. Acute 



