16 BRITISH BIRDS. [VoL x1. 
PaLLAs’s GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER (L. certhiola). 
Aputts.—Complete moult from August to December. 
Birds in May appear to have the body-feathers very fresh, 
and they are probably moulted in March and April, but no 
specimens in these months have been examined. The chin, 
throat and middle of the breast and belly are purer white in 
summer. Sexes alike. 
JUVENILE.—Like the adult, but more narrowly streaked 
on the upper-parts and the under-parts suffused with pale 
yellow, the sides of the throat and the upper-breast with 
numerous short black-brown streaks (the adult has only 
minute black spots on these parts), the tips of the tail-feathers 
with less white than in the adults, the margins of the inner- 
most secondaries duller and not so whitish. 
First WINTER.—The juvenile body-feathers, lesser and 
median wing-coverts and sometimes (in any case) the tail- 
feathers are moulted from August to December, but not the 
wing-feathers or primary-coverts nor apparently the greater 
coverts. After the moult becomes like the adult, but the 
dark streaks of the upper-parts are slightly narrower and the 
pale edgings to the feathers rather broader, the under-parts 
are sometimes tinged with pale yellow and the margins of 
the innermost secondaries are as in the juvenile. No spring 
moulting specimens have been examined. 
GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER (L. n. nevia). 
Apvuuts.—Complete moult in August and. September. 
In April specimens the feathers appear to be new and most 
probably another complete moult takes place in February 
and March, but no specimens collected between December 
and March are available for examination. In L. nevia 
straminea, however, a complete moult takes place in March 
and April and it is very unlikely that one subspecies moults 
differently from another. Sexes and winter and summer 
plumages alike. Abrasion gradually makes the upper-parts 
less olive and more conspicuously streaked and the under- 
parts paler and less yellowish. The variation in the general 
colour and in the streaking of the under-parts is entirely 
individual. 
JUVENILE.—Like the adult, but the upper-parts more 
- reddish-brown with scarcely any olive tinge and the buff 
of the under-parts more dusky. : 
First WinteR.—The juvenile body-feathers and _ tail- 
feathers and apparently the lesser and median wing-coverts 
are moulted from August to October, but not apparently the 
