42 BRITISH BIRDS, [VOL. XI. 
and back have buffish-white bases entirely concealed, whereas 
in the male these feathers and those of some scapulars have 
white bases, which show here and there even in fresh plumage, 
the chin and throat are more heavily marked with concentric 
bands than in the male and have none of the slate-blue 
feathers present here and there in the male, the rest of the 
under-parts are orange-buff rather than orange-chestnut as 
in the male, though in fresh plumage this is mostly concealed 
in both sexes by the whitish tips and blackish subterminal 
concentric bands. In summer the female does not greatly 
alter, though the under-parts are rather more chestnut, 
and in worn plumage the head and mantle show a certain 
amount of slate and the back some buffish-white. A great 
change, however, takes place in the male whose crown, 
nape, and throat become pale slate-blue, mantle and rump 
darker, scapulars and back white with dark slate tips and 
the under-parts below the throat bright orange-chestnut, 
the feathers with buff tips but without any black bands: all 
the colours become almost uniform as the narrow tips of the 
feathers wear off. 
JUVENILE.—The male and female are alike. The upper- 
parts resemble the winter adult female, but are more buff 
and less brown and the feathers have dark brown tips as 
well as the penultimate band, the feathers of the under-parts 
are buff fringed with brown, those of the centre of the belly 
and under tail-coverts uniform buff, the wings and wing- 
coverts are browner and have buffer fringes and tips than 
in the adult and the median and innermost greater wing- 
coverts have buff mesial spots. 
First Wrinter.—The juvenile body-feathers, lesser and 
median wing-coverts and occasionally one or two innermost 
secondaries and greater coverts are moulted from July to 
September, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail. First 
winter males are like the adult winter male, but the upper- 
parts are browner not so blackish and the bases of the feathers 
are not so blue, the bases of the scapulars have less white, 
the chin and throat are whitish with only occasional slate- 
blue feathers and the rest of the under-parts are rather 
paler chestnut than in the adult. First winter females are 
not distinguishable with certainty from adult females. 
First SUMMER.—Moult as in the adult after which the 
male becomes (especially when abraded) impossible to dis- 
tinguish with certainty from the adult summer male, but 
usually the wings are noticeably browner, the feathers of 
the upper-parts have longer buff tips and some feathers 
of the under-parts have black concentric bands. 

