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56 BRITISH BIRDS. [VOL. XI. 
‘““Notes on the Birds of Natal and adjoining parts of 
South Africa,’ by H. Seebohm, [bis, 1887, page 338, in which 
it is stated that the Charadriide moult their primaries in 
spring as well as in autumn. This paper will be referred 
to later. 
“The Changes of Plumage in the Dunlin and Sanderling,” 
by Frank M. Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
Vol. VIII., 1896, pp. 1-8. This paper is a criticism of 
Herr Gitke’s remarks in the Birds of Heligoland on colour- 
change without moult. Mr. Chapman points out that the 
breeding-plumage of both these species is acquired by a 
moult and not by a change of colour without moult as 
implied by Herr Gatke. 
“On the Annual Molt of the Sanderling.” by Witmer 
Stone, Proc. Acad. Philad., 1897, pp. 368-372. The author 
of this paper confirms Mr. Chapman’s remarks on the moult 
of the Sanderling, and gives more particulars of the autumn 
moult of this species. 
“The Moult of the North American Shore Birds ” 
(Limicole), by Dr. Jonathan Dwight, Junr., The Auk, 1900, 
Oct., pp. 368-385. In this comprehensive and important 
paper, Dr Dwight divides the Limicole into two “ classes”’ ; 
in the first he places those in which the young birds retain 
“the juvenal plumage, modified only by wear, until a mid- 
winter or spring moult takes piace’’; in the second he 
includes those which assume “ a distinct first winter plumage 
by an early postjuvenal moult, which involves only the 
body feathers, the tertiaries and a few of the lesser wing- 
coverts.” In the first class he includes the following species 
which appear in the British List: Pectoral Sandpiper, 
Solitary Sandpiper, Spotted Sandpiper, WKalldeer, Semi- 
palmated Plover and Turnstone. Except for the Pectoral 
Sandpiper, of which I have examined very few juveniles 
in autumn, I find that all these species assume their first 
winter plumage by a partial moult, and therefore I cannot 
agree with Dr. Dwight that they should be placed in his first 
class. Dr Dwight then goes on to discuss other questions of 
moult—TI will refer to his conclusions later as occasion arises. 
Besides the papers already referred to, the Rev. W. Whitear, 
Yarrell, Mr. N. Severtzoff, Mr. J. G. Millais (‘“‘ Notes on the 
Changes of Plumage of Calidris arenaria,”’ Ibis, 1896, pp. 455- — 
457), Gatke (“Changes in the Colour of the Plumages of 
Birds without Moulting,’ in The Birds of Heligoland), 
Mr. F. W. Headley (in The Structure and Life of Birds) and 
others have written expounding the theory of a change of 
colour without moult and citing the assumption of certain 
