58 BRITISH BIRDS. [VOL. XI. 
First winter birds usually resemble adults, but are dis- 
tinguished by the retained juvenile wing-coverts, except 
in the following species in which the first winter bird is 
indistineuishable from the adult, viz. Common and Black- 
winged “Pratincole (not distinguishable unless some juvenile 
wing-coverts are retained), Killdeer (difficult to distinguish 
with certainty), Golden Plover, American Golden Plover, 
Asiatic Golden Plover, Common Sandpiper, Spotted Sand- 
piper, Green Sandpiper, Slender-billed Curlew (difficult to 
distinguish with certainty), Great Snipe (not distinguishable 
if all the tail-feathers are moulted), Common Snipe, Jack 
Snipe and Woodcock. 
Exceptional Instances of Moult of the Remiges in Winter in 
First Winter Birds. In the following species the remiges 
are not normally moulted in winter and occasional examples 
moulting their remiges must be looked upon as exceptional 
cases: Ringed Plover, Bonaparte’s Sandpiper, Siberian 
Pectoral Sandpiper. 
Movtt From First WINTER TO First SUMMER PLUMAGE. 
This moult is usually the same as the pre-nuptial moult 
of the adult, though in some species, e.g. Greater Yellow- 
shank, Redshank, and Black-tailed Godwit, the moult 
is less complete, a good many winter body-feathers beimg 
retained. In the Stilt, the spring moult of the first winter 
bird is more complete than in the adult and involves the 
tail-feathers, which are not moulted in the adult. 
No examples in first summer plumage of the following 
species have been available for examination: Ovyster- 
catcher, Stone-Curlew, Semi-palmated Plover, Knot, Curlew- 
Sandpiper, American Pectoral Sandpiper, Bonaparte’s Sand- 
piper, Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Broad-billed Sandpiper, 
Red-breasted Snipe, Solitary Sandpiper, Yellowshank, Green- 
shank, Red-necked Phalarope and Eskimo Curlew. 
First summer birds are usually only to be distinguished 
from the adults when the retained juvenile wing-coverts 
are not too abraded. I have examined very few undoubted 
first summer specimens of any of the waders. This may to 
some extent be accounted for by the fact that in most 
waders, when the edges of the juvenile wing-coverts are 
completely abraded, the first summer birds are indistinguish- 
able from the adults. In addition to those species in which 
the first winter and adult winter plumages are indistinguish- 
able, first summer birds of the following species cannot be 
distinguished from the adult in summer: viz. Killdeer, 
Bartram’s Sandpiper, Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper, Baird’s 
Sandpiper, Terek Sandpiper, and Slender-billed Curlew. 
