VOL. XI. | MOULTS OF BRITISH WADERS. 61 
individuals not till much later, and while by October many 
birds have completed the moult and are in full winter 
plumage, yet others will be found with the moult still far 
from complete. As a rule the remiges are moulted in 
autumn with the body-feathers, but in the following species 
it would appear that the remiges are normally moulted in 
winter and early spring, viz. Bartram’s Sandpiper, American 
Pectoral Sandpiper, Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper, Baird’s 
Sandpiper, Bonaparte’s Sandpiper, while I found specimens 
of the Wood-Sandpiper, Solitary Sandpiper and the Yellow- 
shank with remiges in quill from September to February or 
even March, the February—March specimens with the wing 
moult more or less complete, the second and the third 
primaries being in quill. In the American Golden Plover the 
wing-moult appears to take place in late autumn and at the 
same time winter body-feathers are often renewed, while 
of the Asiatic Golden Plover several examples with outer 
primaries in quill in January and February were examined. 
Exceptional Instances of Winter Wing-Moult.—I have come 
across numerous cases of individuals of a species which 
normally moults the remiges in autumn, with one or more 
of the outer primaries in quill in winter or early spring. 
Iconsider these individuals are birds which for some reason 
or another have commenced to moult late in the autumn 
and in the months of January and February are only com- 
pleting the wing-moult. Birds with the outer primaries 
in quill in March may be completing either a delayed winter 
wing-moult or an early spring one, which can sometimes be 
decided by examination. Only those birds with the inner 
primaries in quill in March, or with primaries in quill in 
April and May, I have regarded as genuine examples of a 
spring-moult of the remiges. Instances of winter wing-moult 
were observed in the following species in the months of 
January or February, 2nd and 3rd primaries being in quill 
in the latter month, the rest of the wing new: Ringed Plover, 
Sanderling, Curlew-Sandpiper, Semi-palmated Sandpiper, Red- 
breasted Snipe, Common Redshank, Greenshank, Ashy-rumped 
Sandpiper, Avocet, Grey Phalarope, Red-necked Phalarope, 
Whimbrel, etc. 
Dr. Dwight remarks that he found specimens showing 
winter moult of the remiges ‘‘ comparatively few.”’ He gives 
the following instances: Crymophilus fulicarius one, February 
21st ; Tringa fuscicollis one 2, January 16th ; Actitis macularia 
one 9, February 9th ; Charadrius squatarola, February 27th ; 
he believes these to be young birds. 
