vo. x1.| NOTES ON ZONAL DISTRIBUTION. 79 
ALPINE Prrrt (A. 8. spinoletta).*—Upper montane and subalpine. 
ASHY-HEADED Wageratt (Motacilla f. cinereocapilla).—Mediterranean : 
very local, and, near the Tiber mouth, apparently confined to salt- 
marshes. 
Grey Wacrait (M. c. cinerea).— Mediterranean (upper part) to 
montane. 
Wuitre Waceratn (M. a. alba).—Mediterranean to lower montane. 
TREE-CREEPER (Certhia familiaris macrodactyla).—Montane. 
SHORT-TOED TREE-CREEPER (C. brachydactyla ultramontana).— 
Mediterranean and lower submontane: I have never met with this 
species above 700 m. in Latium. 
Watu-CREEPER (Tichodroma muraria).—Only met with in winter. 
NutHATCH (Sttta e. ccesia).—Mediterranean to montane: very local 
below montane, owing to scarcity of large timber. 
LoNG-TAILED Trt, Great Tir and Brue Tir (githalos caudatus 
italie, Parus major, P. coeruleus)—All range from the Mediterranean 
to the montane. 
Coau-Trr (Parus a. ater).—Montane zone: like the Firecrest, this 
species here breeds in deciduous forest (beech). 
Marsu-Tir (P. p. ttalicus)—In the Mediterranean zone I have met 
with this species only in elm-wood, in a secluded valley on the 
Campagna; in the submontane it is only found in the damper places, 
while in the montane it becomes general and numerous. 
PENDULINE Tit (Anthoscopus p. pendulinus).—Mediterranean. 
Firecrest (Regulus 7. ignicapillus).—Mediterranean to montane; 
in the two lower zones it seems to be confined to evergreens, generally 
Quercus tlex. 
LEesseR GREY SHRIKE (Lanius minor).—Mediterranean. 
Woopcuart (L. s. senator).—Mediterranean and submontane. 
RED-BACKED SHRIKE (L. c. collurto).— Mediterranean to lower 
montane. 
Sporrep FrycatcHEer (Muscicapa s. striata). — Mediterranean to 
lower montane. 
CoLLARED FrycatTcHer (M. ccllaris).—Montane. 
CuIFFCHAFF (Phylloscopus c. collybita).—Like Robin, it is only found 
in certain damp woods on the lower ground; abundant in the 
submontane and montane. 
Woop-WREN (Ph. sibilatrix subsp. ?).;—Montane. 
BoNnELLI'S WARBLER (Ph. 6. bonelli).— Upper submontane and 
montane. 
Certi’s WARBLER (Cettia c. cetti)—Mediterranean, reaching just 
into the submontane up the river Aniene below Jenne (450 m.): here 
it actually occurs in the haunts of the Dipper. 
REED-WARBLER and GREAT REED-WARBLER (Acrocephalus s. 
scirpaceus and A..a. arundinaceus).—So far I have found these only 
in the Mediterranean zone: they both occur round the Lake of Nemi 
(320 m.), as well as near the Tiber mouth, but I have not visited the 
higher lakes. 
* The Meadow Pipit (A. pratensis) seems to be absent from this 
part of the Apennine, though it is recorded as nesting in Calabria 
(Arrigoni, Manuale di Ornitologia Italiana, p. 352). It is an abundant 
winter visitor in the submontane and Mediterranean zones. 
+ The absence of the Willow-wren (Ph. trochilus) from apparently 
suitable country, in which the three other species are plentiful, is 
curious. It may be of interest to record that in the Simbrivio valley 
and near Filettino we noted sixty Chiffchaffs to twenty-seven Bonelli’s 
Warblers and eight Wood-warblers ; the latter had perhaps already 
begun to stop singing. 
