vot. x1.}| NOTES ON ZONAL DISTRIBUTION. 81 
Rover (Coracias g. garrulus).—Mediterranean. 
KINGFISHER (Alcedo 7%. ispida).—No suitable haunts above the 
submontane. 
GREEN WOODPECKER (Picus viridis pronus).—Mediterranean and 
submontane. 
GREAT SpotrTeD WoopprecKkEeR (Dryobates major pinetorum).— 
Mediterranean to montane. 
LEssER SPoTreD WoopPECKER (D. minor buturlint).—Mediterranean 
to montane. 
WrRyNECK (Jynx torquilla tschusii).— Mediterranean to lower 
montane. 
Cuckoo (Cuculus c. canorus).—Submontane and montane. 
As regards the birds of prey, neither Buzzard (Buteo 6. buteo) nor 
Kite (Milvus milvus) was met with much above the lower limits of 
the montane; the Kestrel (Falco t. tinnuneulus) was seen on the 
plateau at 1,500 m., and the Sparrow-Hawk (Accipiter n. nisus) (which 
I have not seen in summer in the lower zones) in a beechwood still 
higher; the Hobby (Falco s. subbuteo) only in one place in the 
-mountains (near Tivoli, submontane zone), though it occurs lower 
down; the Black Kite (Milvus m. migrans) reaches the submontane 
in the Alban Hills. The Marsh-Harrier (Circus cruginosus) and 
the Serpent-Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) seem to be confined to the 
coast marshes, while the Honey-Buzzard (Pernis a. apivorus) also 
occurs in the submontane (Alban Hills). A pair of Lanners (Falco 
biarmicus feldeggiz) used to breed on a cliff at about the upper limit 
of the Mediterranean near Albano, and others in the Monti Lepini 
are probably at about the same level. : 
The Turtle-Dove (Streptopelia t. turtur) appears not to reach into 
the montane, but Quail (Coturnix c. coturnix) reach towards the top 
of that zone, and Partridge (Perdix perdiz) also to within its limits. 
Such marsh species as the Purple Heron (Ardea p. purpurea), Little 
Bittern (Ixobrychus minutus), Water-Rail (Rallus a. aquaticus), Coot 
(Fulica a. atra) and Dabchick (Podiceps r. ruficollis) find no suitable 
haunts in the mountains... As far as I know, the Kentish Plover 
(Charadrius a. alexandrinus) is the only Limicole breeding in the 
Province, though possibly the Little Ringed Plover (Ch. d. curonicus) 
may do so; the former is plentiful wherever there are sandhills along 
the coast. 
Notrr.—In the case of the following species, my observa- 
tions appear to extend the information given by Count E. 
Arrigoni Degli Oddi in his List, published in 1913 :— 
‘1. YEtLow Buntine (Emberiza c. citrinella).—* Nests on 
the mountains of the northern and perhaps the central 
provinces ”’ (No. 232). This species we found to be rather 
local in the Mi. Simbruini, occurring generally where a few 
bushy beeches or other shrubs grew in the grassland of the 
plateau. The following are my notes: several about Morra 
Menti, 1,400 to 1,450 m., and a few thence to near M. Autore, 
1,700 m.; one at R. Ceuta, 1,500 m.; a fair number in 
the valley above Filettino and up the adjacent slopes, 1,080 
£01,150 m. 
2. Tree-Preir (Anthus t. trivialis).—‘‘ Summer visitor, 
nests on the high mountains of the Po Valley, while in the 
southern provinces and in the islands it is a winter visitor ” 
H 
