vo. x1.] SINGING IN WINTER QUARTERS. — 99 
dividuals in the hills sing to the end of October and begin 
again in late January. 
Meavow-Preir (Anthus pratensis).—Abundant Wwinterer in 
all open country to 3,000 ft. or more, according to the snow 
arrives in October and remains to the beginning of pel 
Never heard singing. 
ALPINE Prprr- (A. s. spinoletta). - Winters on the lower 
mountains (2,000 to 3,000 ft.), as well as in damp places on the 
lower ground. arriving in late October and staying till the end 
of March or early April. Never heard singing in winter 
quarters. Breeds on the pastures of the Apennine from 
5,000 ft. upwards. 
Grey Wacrai (Motacilla c. cinerea). —Abundant winterer 
in Rome (late September to early March). Sings almost 
throughout its stay, though not much in December and early 
Jahuar Ae 
CoaL-Tit (Parus a. ater). — This species breeds in the 
beechwoods of the Apennine. In 1913-14 there was a 
considerable winter immigration (mid October to end of 
March) in Rome and the neighbourhood ; these individuals 
sang almost throughout their stay, showing a marked 
preference for sunny days. 
GOLDCREST (Regulus 1 r. regulus).—A winter visitor to Rome, 
the coast and the hill woods (end of October to early March). 
Rarely sings before the new year, but does so frequently 
from early February to its departure. The song is generally 
rather mixed and the finishing note is rarely heard. 
CHIFFCHAFF (Philloscopus c. collybita), — Plentiful as a 
winter visitor in the parks and gardens of Rome and wherever 
there are trees in the country round. It is resident in the 
damper woods from sea-level up to about 300 m., but only 
a summer visitor in the higher woods. In Rome the winterers 
arrive towards the end of September and depart in March : 
they settle down in territories much like Robins, but are not 
quite exclusive. They sing a little in October and early 
November, chiefly in the early morning, but otherwise are 
rarely heard till after the middle of January, from which 
time they sing vigorously till their departure. The residents 
near the Lake of Albano begin singing towards the middle 
of September, but do not sing nearly as freely in autumn as 
the ones in England ; they also seem to be nearly silent in 
mid-winter. 
MistLe-THrusH (7'urdus v. viscivorus).—l have heard this 
species singing in the hills in December, January and February, 
at places no great distance below its summer range: as a 
winter visitor along the coast it is not numerous and I have 
not heard it sing. 
